THE 



MILLER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S 



AND 



ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



BY HENRY PALLETT. 



ILLUSTRATED. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 

INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
No. 406 WALNUT ST. 

1866. 



*y 



A> 1" 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and 
for tho Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



3 2- t>l H 



; 



9 



/ 



P^ 




PEE FAC E. 



« — ♦ » p - 



The demand for my previous work being so 
great and satisfactory, I have concluded to publish 
this second edition, with considerable additional 
information, and greatly improved and enlarged 
illustrations. I shall give more cuts and models 
of the different machinery now in use belonging 
to the Flouring Mills, than in my previous work. 

As I have travelled through most of the States 
of the Union, I have had many opportunities of 
observing the different manner in which different 
millers manage matters in the mills under their 
care. And as many of them, from a confinement 
to a particular locality, have not had an opportu- 
nity of seeing Milling carried to a higher perfec- 
tion than in their own locality, nor of observing the 
practice of millers more experienced than them- 
selves, and who are anxious to improve them- 
selves in their business, to such, I hope, this 

work will be of essential service. 

5 



6 PREFACE. 

And, in fact, to all millers, I think some of the 
instructions in this work will be of considerable 
use, as we are all never too old to learn. I have 
never as yet seen a work on Milling alone. 
Some remarks on the business are frequently to 
be found in the* Millwright's Guide and Com- 
panion, which, however, are never very explicit ; 
being generally intermixed with other matters, 
and with mathematical calculations and terms 
that are seldom fully understood by those who 
have had but a limited education. I have en- 
deavored to avoid such terms, and have kept each 
part by itself, so that the most illiterate may gain 
information by a careful and attentive perusal of 
this work. It often occurs that millers will tell 
their employers that there is nothing in any 
work, treating on the subject of the Flouring 
Mill, but what they fully understand and compre- 
hend ; and from their talk the mill-owner would 
suppose them perfect in their business, and that 
there is nothing on earth that could give them the 
slightest or minutest information on the subject 
of milling. Now such a miller I always set down 
as bigoted in his opinion ; and in fact knowing 
but little, as I have found by experience. 

I have been assisted in the compiling of the 



PREFACE. 7 

following pages by experienced millers, who have 
been kind enough to peruse them before going to 
press. I have also had the assistance of good and 
practical millwrights in relation to speed, con- 
struction of reels, etc., etc. The manner, the oper- 
ation of the millstones, the action of the furrows, 
in cutting the wheat, can be readily understood 
by the transparent model attached to this work. 
From this part alone I hope considerable instruc- 
tion and information may be derived. 

I have written this work in the hope that it will 
be useful in assisting the workman in obtaining a 
true knowledge of the art of milling, and to assist 
him in making the calculations connected with 
thfe machinery of mills ; and also the engineer will 
find a great many rules and examples to assist and 
instruct him in a further knowledge of his business 
as well as the millwright. 

I am far from desiring that the rules contained 
in this work should be considered as an infallible 
guide, or implicitly followed in all cases; for 
when I reflect that it is to the workman that we 
have ever been indebted to for improvements in 
the arts, I would recommend to the miller, mill- 
wright, and engineer, a careful consideration of the 
many improvements that are daily taking place in 



8 PREFACE. 

the Flour Mill, and study carefully whether their 
adoption would not be beneficial to this impor- 
tant branch of industry, as well in a public as in 
a private point of view. 

In this work, my object is to instruct those who 
have'not had an opportunity of judging the best 
ways of milling. I have endeavored to avoid 
unnecessary technical words, or scientific calcu- 
lations, making no pretensions to literature myself. 
I have, therefore, aimed to make the work intelli- 
gible to those of the most limited education ; with 
the wish, however, that it will induce them to a 
more careful study of the principles of their bu- 
siness ; and I know of nothing more conducive 
to that end than combining the results learned 
from practice with a careful study of a good and 
practical scientific work. 

Being aware that this subject might have been 
more scientifically treated upon by men more 
learned than myself, yet I feel confident that this 
work cannot be but a great benefit to many en- 
gaged in the business of milling; therefore I trust 
my humble efforts to please will meet with the 
approval of all such, and I now subscribe myself) 

respectfully, 

Henry Pallett. 

St. Louis, March 1, 1866. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Explanation of Characters used 13 

Definitions of Words used in this Work r 14 

United States Weights and Measures 15 

Decimal Fractions 17 

On the Selection of Millstones 20 

On the Dressing of New Millstones — making their Faces 

Straight, and ready for putting in the Furrows 23 

Furrows : the manner of Laying them out : their Draft, 

and cutting them in 26 

Directions for laying off and cutting the Holes for the 

Balance Ryne and Driver 31 

Directions for putting in the Balance Ryne and the 

Boxes for the Driver, and making them fast 33 

Of Setting the Bed Stone, and fastening the Bush 

therein 37 

Directions how to Bridge or Tram the Spindle 39 

Instructions for Grinding off the Lumps of New Stones, 

Turning the Back of the Running Stone, Rounding 

the Eye and Balancing the Stone 40 

Directions for Dressing and Sharpening Millstones 

when they become dull 42 

Respecting the Irons of the Mill 47 

Description of Plate 4, Showing the Principle upon 

which the Millstones work 51 

How to Fit a New Back on a Stone that has been 

Running 55 

Of the Elevator, Conveyor, and Hopper Boy 59 

Of Bolting Reels and Cloths,- with Directions for Bolting 

and Inspecting Flour 64 

Directions for Cleaning Wheat 68 

Instructions for Grinding Wheat 72 

9 



10 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Directions for Grinding Wheat with Garlic amongst it, 

and for Dressing the Stones suitable thereto 76 

Directions how to put the Stones in Order for Grinding 

Wheat that has Garlic amongst it 77 

Directions for Grinding Middlings, and how to Prevent 
the Stones from Choking, so as to make the most of 

them 78 

Reels for Bolting the Middlings 80 

Instructions for a small Mill, Grinding different kinds 

of Grain 81 

Of the Manner of Packing Flour 85 

Table Showing the number of Pounds which constitute 
a Bushel, as established by Law in the States there- 
in named , 88 

The Duty of the Miller 89 

Pearl Barley or Pot Barley 91 

The Art of Distillation 93 

Of the Importance of Draughting and Planning Mills... 96 
Cogs : The Best Time for Seasoning and Cutting them. 99 

The Framing of Mill Work 102 

Windmills 104 

A Table of the Velocity of Wind 108 

Instructions for Baking Ill 

Receipt for making Babbitt Metal, etc 113 

Cement 113 

Solders 114 

Table Showing the Product of a Bushel of Wheat of 
different Weights and Qualities, as ascertained from 

Experiments in Grinding Parcels 116 

Of Saw-Mills and their Management , 119 

The Circular Saw 123 

Rules for Calculating the Speed the Stones and other 

pieces or parts of the Machinery run at 124 

To find the Quantity, in Bushels, a Hopper will Contain. 130 

Table of Dry Measure 130 

Spouts — the Necessity of making them Large 131 

To lay off any required Angle 132 



CONTENTS. 11 

PAGE 

Of Masonry* 133 

Of Artificer's Work 134 

Bricklayer's Work 135 

Bricks and Laths — Dimensions 135 

Timber Measure 136 

Table — Diameters in inches of Saw Logs reduced to 

inch board measure 139 

Of the Wedge 141 

Of Pumps.. 142 

The Screw 144 

Table showing the power of Man or Horse as applied 

to Machinery 145 

Measure of Solidity..... , 145 

Rules for calculating Liquids 146 

A Table showing the Capacity of Cisterns, Wells, etc., 

in Ale Gallons and Hogsheads, in proportion to their 

Diameters and Depths 147 

Steel — Of the various degrees of Heat required in the 

Manufacture of Steel 148 

Composition for Welding Cast Steel 151 

Directions for Making and Sharpening Mill Picks 152 

A Composition for Tempering Cast Steel Mill Picks 155 

Governors for Flouring Mills 156 

The Governor or Regulator 158 

The Pulley 159 

Of the Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums/ etc 161 

On Friction 164 

Belting Friction 165 

Of the Strength of different Bodies 166 

Falling Bodies , 170 

Of the different Gearings for propelling Machinery 171 

The Crown or Face Gearing 174 

On matching Wheels to make the Cogs wear even 179 

On Steam and the Steam Engine 181 

Of Engines— their Management, etc 183 

Prevention of Incrustation in Steam Boilers 189 

Double Engines 190 



12 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The Fly- Wheel 191 

Table of Circumferences and Areas of Circles, in Feet. 

Suitable for Fly- Wheels, etc.*. 195 

To calculate the effects of a Lever and Weight upon 

the Safety- Valve of a Steam Boiler, etc 196 

Of the Slide Valve... , 199 

Boilers 201 

Chimneys 204 

Explosion of Boilers 205 

On the Construction of Mill-Dams 206 

Rock Dam 207 

Frame Dams 209 

Brush or Log Dam 214 

Gates 215 

Description of Water-Wheels 216 

Of Non-elasticity and Fluidity in Impinging Bodies,... 220 

Motion of Overshot Wheels 221 

The Breast Wheel 222 

Overshot or Breast Wheels 225 

Table of the number of inches of water necessary to 
drive one run of Stones, with all the requisite Ma- 
chinery for Grist and Saw Mills, under heads of water 

from four to thirty feet 227 

Table containing the weight of columns of water, each 

one foot in length, and of various diameters 228 

The Undershot Wheel 228 

Tub Wheels 230 

The Flutter Wheel 232 

The Laws of Motion and Rest 233 

Power of Gravity, Percussion, or Impulse, with the 

Reaction Attachment 233 

Table of the velocities of the Combination Reaction 
Water-Wheel per minute, from heads of from four 

to thirty feet 237 

Tables to reckon the Price of Wheat from Thirty Cents 
to Two Dollars per Bushel 238 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



AND 



ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



« - ♦ » » 



explanation of characters used - definitions of 
words used -united states weights and meas- 
ures-decimal fractions. 

Explanation of Characters U^ed in this 
Book. 

= Equal to. The sign of equality, as 2 times 
4 = 8. 

— Minus, or less. The sign of subtraction, an 
8 — 6 = 2. 

+ Plus, or more. The sign of addition, as 
3 + 6 = 9. 

x Multiplied by. The sign of multiplication, 
as 6 x 3 = 18. 

-T- Divided by. The sign of division, as 9 
~-3 = 3. 

2 (13) 



14 fRE MILLEK ; MILLWRIGHT 

is to _, . n . ^ 

. The sign of proportion, as 2 : 4 

S ° 1S : : 8 : 16. 

to 

2 added to a number. The sign of a number 
squared, as 5 2 is 5 x 5. 

3 added to a number. The sign of a number 
cubed, as 5 3 is 5 x 5 x 5. 

s/ Prefixed to a number. The sign of square 
root, as \/9 is 3. 

\/ Prefixed to a number. The sign of cube 
root, as \/ 27 is 3. 

Tne bar over a number. The sign used 
to signify that all the numbers under the bar 

must be taken together, as 8 x 3-^-6 = 4; or, 

5 x 6+4 = 50; that is, 6 + 4 is 10, and 5 times 
is 50. 



Definitions of Words Used in this Work. 

Area — Plain surface : superficial contents. 

Aperture — The opening by which water issues. 

Angle — The meeting of two lines in a point. . 

Elastic — Springy, 

Equilibro or Equilibrium — Balance of weight. 

Friction — The act of rubbing together. 

Gravity — The tendency all matter has to fall 
downwards. 

Impulse — Any force communicated by power. 

Impetus — Violent effort of a body inclining to 
move. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 15 

Momentum — The force of a body in motion. 

Maximum — The greatest possible. 

Percussion — Striking together. 

Problem — A question proposed. 

Radius — Half of the diameter of a circle. 

Right Angle — A line square or perpendicular 
to another. 

Theory — A speculative plan ; but without prac- 
tice. 

Theorem — Position laid down as an acknowl- 
edged rule. 

Tangent — A line perpendicular to or square with 
the radius and touching the circumference of a 
circle. 

Velocity — Swiftness of motion. 

Verge — The outside part : the outer edge. 

Vertex — The top of any line or figure. 



United States Weights and Measures. 

avoirdupois weight. 

Avoirdupois weight is the only weight made 
use of in mechanical calculations ; and all metals, 
save gold and silver, are weighed by it. 
16 drams make one ounce. 
16 ounces make one pound. 
28 pounds make one quarter. 

4 quarters make one hundred weight. 
20 hundred weight make one ton. 



16 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 

LONG MEASURE. 

12 inches make one foot. 

3 feet make one yard. 

6 feet make one fathom. 

5 J yards make one pole or rod. 

40 rods make one furlong. 

8 furlongs or 1760 yards make one mile. 

3 miles make one league. 

SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 

144 square inches make one square foot. 

9 square feet make one square yard. 
30J square yards make one square pole. 
40 square poles make one rood. 

4 roods or 4840 square yards make one acre. 

SOLID MEASURE. 

1728 cubic inches make one cubic foot. 
27 cubic feet make one cubic yard. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 pints make one quart. 
8 quarts make one peck. 
4 pecks make one bushel. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

4 gills make one pint. 

2 pints make one quart. 

4 quarts make one gallon. 

63 gallons make one hogshead. 

4 hogsheads one tun. 



17 

The dimensions of the United States standard 
bushel are 18| inches inside diameter, and 8 inches 
deep. 

Decimal Fractions. 

In decimal fractions, the integer, or whole thing, 
as a gallon, a pound, a yard, etc., is supposed to be 
divided into ten equal parts called tenths : these 
tenths into ten equal parts called hundredths : 
these hundredths into ten equal parts called thou- 
sandths, and so on, without end. So that the de- 
nominator of a decimal, being always known to 
consist of a unit, with as many ciphers as the nu- 
merator has places, is therefore never expressed — 
being understood to be 10, 100, 1000, etc., accord- 
ing as the numerator consists of 1, 2, 3, or more 
figures. Thus, T 2 <j y 2 ^ y 3 o 4 o 5 o> the numerators only 
are written with a dot or comma before them, 
thus, .2 .26 .345. 

The use of the dot ( . ) is to separate the decimal 
from the common fraction. The figure on the 
right of the dot, known as the decimal point, is 
the place of tenths, the second of hundredths, the 
third of thousandths, etc. A cipher placed on the 
left hand of a decimal decreases its value in a ten- 
fold proportion: thus .3 .03 .003 are 3 tenths, 
3 hundredths and 3 thousandths. 

SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 

Rule. — Write the less number under the greater, 
2* 



18 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

placing tenths under tenths, hundredths under 
hundredths, etc. : then subtract as in simple num- 
bers, and point off* the decimal places, as in com- 
mon addition. 

Example.— Subtract 9.8067 from 10.5324. 
Thus 10.5324 or 7.075 from 15.192 
9.8067 7.075 

00.7257 8.117 

MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 

Multiplication of decimals embraces two classes. 
1st. To multiply together a decimal and a whole 
number. 

2d. To multiply together two decimals. 

Rule. — Place the figures the same as directed in 
the subtraction of decimals respecting whole num- 
bers. 

Example.— Multiply .125 by 9. Thus, .125 

9 



1.125 



Example.— Multiply .125 by 9. Thus, .125 

.9 

U25 

Solution or Rule. — In multiplying decimals, place 
the factors under each other, and multiply them 
together as in whole numbers : then point off as 
many figures from the right hand of the product 
as there are decimals placed in both factors — 
observing, if there be not enough, to annex as 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 19 

many ciphers to the left hand of the product as 
will supply the deficiency. 

DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 

Rule. — Prepare the decimal as directed for mul- 
tiplication : divide as in whole numbers : cut off 
as many figures for decimals, in the quotient, as 
the number of decimals in the dividend exceeds 
the number in the divisor : and if the places in 
the quotient be not so many as the rule requires, 
supply the deficiency by annexing ciphers to the 
left hand of the quotient. 

Example.— Divide 173.5425 by 3.75. 

Thus, 3.75)173.5425(46.27.— Answer. 
150.0 

28.54 
2250 



1042 
750 

2925 
2625 

"300 



In decimals, the figures decrease from the right 
towards the left in a tenfold ratio. In duodeci- 
mals, where the dimensions are taken in feet, 
inches and twelfths of an inch, the foot is divided 
into twelve equal parts called primes, marked ( ' ), 
each primes into twelve parts called seconds ( " ), 
each second into twelve equal parts called thirds, 
marked ( '" ), etc. 



20 THE MILLETC, MILLWRIGHT 



On the Selection of Mill Stones. 

In the manufacturing of wheat into flour, it is 
necessary to have the millstones of the best quality, 
and most suitable for the different kinds of grain. 
Millers are of various opinions in the selection of 
their millstones — some choosing those that are 
open and full of pores; others choosing those that 
are close. I will present the following remarks 
and directions, for the guidance of those purchasing 
these articles; and although, on account of the 
diversity of opinion on this subject, I expect some 
may be found who will not altogether agree with 
me, yet I hope they will find some benefit in the 
perusal of the observations I make on the matter. 

I would contract with the builder of millstones 
to make me a pair of the best quality, having the 
joints as close as possible. I would pick out a 
burr block of the quality I wished the stones to 
be made of, viz. : to have every one of the blocks 
the same as the one chosen for sample, and of the 
same temper. A stone that is made of part hard 
and part soft blocks is the most difficult of any to 
keep in a good face ; neither will it grind well. 



AXD ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 21 

In selecting black burr for a pattern for the 
manufacturer, the best kinds, in my opinion, are 
those of a light color, full of small pores, and of a 
hard, sharp grit. The blue blocks I never could 
recommend in general ; they are apt to glaze, and 
do not cut well: consequently it cannot be ex- 
pected that they will grind as fast, or do as good 
work. 

Have the eye of a stone of four and a half (4 J) 
feet in diameter, ten inches on the face tapering to 
seven inches on the back. The thickness of the 
runner of this diameter ought to be nineteen 
inches in the eye and seventeen inches at the 
verge. Millers purchasing new millstones should 
not be too saving as regards their price. It is 
very bad economy to buy those of an inferior 
quality on account of their first cost being less 
than that of a good pair. When ordering new 
burr millstones from the makers, I would advise 
you to give orders for the builder not to put any 
spalls or pieces of burr block near the verge of 
the stone ; the plaster shall be about three inches 
from the iron hoop, clear of spalls, on account of 
the balancing of the running stone. Often where 
cutting in the holes, to put in the lead ; the small 
pieces of burr block as you have to come in con- 
tact with, by hammering on them, shakes the back 
of the stone, making it loose and worthless. 
Besides when balancing the runner you want to 
get the balance as near the face of the stone as 



22 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

you possibly can. I have always found that the 
lead should be put as near the face block as pos- 
sible for balancing the stone truly when at rest. 
When a standing balance is put at the top of the 
stone, often when running the balance will be 
imperfect. I believe when you can make a mor- 
tice close to the verge of the stone, nearly to the 
face block, it will be better than putting in boxes, 
for this reason — you may place your balance 
where it is required. When building a new pair 
of millstones the burr blocks of the runner should 
be nearly of one thickness; as they will not 
require as much trouble to balance them. Some 
of the millstone builders will put in blocks nearly 
twice the thickness of others round the verge of 
the face of the stone ; when this occurs it is im- 
possible almost, even when the irons are truly put 
in the centre, to balance them correctly ; and put- 
ting in lead, if not close to the race of the runner, 
they will run badly, not being in running balance. 
The stone may be greatly out of balance when in 
motion, and this is the reason why the bush of 
some stones can only be kept tight a few hours. 
The reason why a stone that is balanced at rest 
will not sometimes be balanced in motion, is, that 
the upper part is heaviest on one side, and the 
lower part is heavier on the other side of the 
centre. The stone may balance at rest ; yet when 
set in motion the heaviest parts draw outwards, 
most by the centrifugal force, which will put the 



AND ENGINEER^ GUIDE. 23 

stone out of balance while in motion ; and if the 
stone is not round the parts farthest from the 
centre will have the greatest centrifugal force. 
Never put too much dependence in having the 
stones perfectly true when coming from the 
makers. They are often taken from the burr 
shop without the staff being tried on their face. 
You must expect finding them in wind and having 
an uneven face. If they have been partially faced, 
it may have been for the purpose of breaking down 
the joints to make them appear small; and fre- 
quently when the stones appear too close they 
will use a heavy pointed pick to make them seem 
full of small pores; but as you straighten and 
smooth the face afterwards, these will disappear. 
You should therefore look carefully to see whether 
the pores are natural or not. When the stones 
are brought without a finished face being put on 
them, it becomes the miller's duty to work and 
face them ready for grinding ; and to assist him 
in so doing he will find the following to be of 
service to him, if carefully studied and considered. 



Of the Dressing of New Millstones — Making 
their Face Straight and Eeady for Put- 
ting in the Furrows. 

Lay the stone on its back, and level the face as 
nearly true as possible. Then with your staff, 



24 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

having one of its sides formed by the edges of 
four boards made perfectly straight; true and 
painted, move it round the face of the stone, when 
it will leave the paint on all the highest places. 
These must then be picked off and the face of the 
stone rubbed hard with a sharp burr block. This 
staff should be made of mahogany ; or if that is 
not to be got, it may be made of four (4) thick- 
nesses of seasoned cherry or walnut one inch thick 
and four inches wide, planed on both sides, screwed 
to each other and glued together, so that they will 
not come apart. When made in this manner it 
will be four inches square ; and by putting it to- 
gether in four parts it will not be so liable to 
spring. Continue trying your staff, picking and 
dressing off the stone in this manner until the face 
is nearly smooth and straight. Then, in order to 
take it out of wind [technically termed] you fit a 
a piece of board in the eye of the stone ; and from 
the centre you strike off a circle on the face, and 
about two inches from the verge. This circle you 
must again divide into three equal parts, which 
may be done as seen in plate 1st. In this 
circle or diagram the division of the parts is 
obtained by taking half the diameter of the circle, 
and stepping round its circumference. This divides 
it into six parts; every alternate point being 
taken, will give the three required. Then you 
must lay your staff* on the inside of two of these 
points, and draw a line through them and out to 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 25 

the verge of the stone ; also, other similar lines 
from the points you have need and through the 
third point. These lines are all to be drawn to 
and fro, from the verge of the stone, and through 
the. three points, thus forming an equilateral or 
triangle of three equal sides inside of the circle. 
Again, draw parallel lines about an inch farther 
from the first lines than the width of your staff. 
The spaces between these lines are called beds. 

Now paint your staff lightly ; lay its face upon 
one of these beds, and move it gently. It will 
leave the higher ppints painted, which must be 
picked off lightly with a sharp pick ; then rub 
it with a piece of French burr block. Continue 
trying the staff and working in this manner until 
the staff paints the whole length of the bed, and 
it is nearly smooth. The other beds are to be 
worked in the same manner, avoiding taking any 
thing off the first, where they intersect one an- 
other, and being careful that the staff have an equal 
bearing at such intersection. When this is cor- 
rectly done it is comparatively easy to make the 
face of the stone straight. Work down the other 
parts of the stone until it be even and level with 
the beds, which is best done by moving the face 
of the staff, painted frequently, over the face of 
the stone, dressing the higher points with sharp 
picks. This must be repeated, rubbing the stone 
with the block burr each time after picking it, 
being careful at the same time to avoid dressing 
3 



26 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

any more of the beds. When you have got the 
face even and straight with the beds, lay the staff 
without paint on the surface of the millstone, and 
look closely between it and the stone. If the 
light can be seen between them then the face is 
untrue ; when you must again put a small portion 
of paint on the staff, lay it on the face, move it 
carefully all round, and pick the paint off lightly. 
Eepeat this operation until it paints the face of 
the stone evenly all over. When the staff lies 
close and even on all parts of the face of the stone, 
without rocking, it is straight and even, and ready 
for the furrows putting in. Some millers are of 
the opinion that there is no necessity to put angles 
or beds on a millstone, averring that they can be 
taken out of wind, and made straight without 
them. As regards small stones, I admit this to 
be practicable — their surface being so small, they 
are easier made true than larger ones ; but any 
stone whose diameter exceeds three feet can be 
more correctly and expeditiously dressed by put- 
ting in these beds according to the directions 
I have given. 



Furrows: the Manner of Laying them Out: 

their Draft, and Cuttting them in. 

From my own experience, as well as others 

respecting the draft and the number of quarters 

that should be made in a millstone, I think this is 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 27 

one of the most difficult subjects I have yet under- 
taken — there being so many different opinions 
among millers with regard to draft, shape and 
size of the furrows. 

I present the following directions for their as- 
sistance, hoping they will at least derive some 
benefit from a careful consideraton of them. First, 
I would recommend their particular attention to 
the quality of the millstones ; the speed they wish 
them to run at ; the quantity of flour they wish 
to make, and the different kinds of wheat they 
wish to grind. Some kinds of wheat are soft, and 
others hard, as winter, and spring wheat. The 
dress of the furrows of the millstone should, there- 
fore, be made to suit — hard wheat requiring more 
face to the stone than the soft or winter wheat, 
Then to commence dressing a four and a half feet 
stone, you first put a piece of planed board in the 
eye, and even with the face of the stone. Then, 
in order to find the centre of the stone, divide the 
verge into four quarters, equally, lay the staff 
upon the face of the stone, and at the two opposite 
points on the verge make a line on the board in 
the eye of the stone. Move the staff to the other 
two points, and draw another line across the first 
one, on the board : if correctly clone, where these 
lines intersect each other will be the centre. Then 
set your compasses to the draft you intend giving 
the furrows ; place one point of the compasses in 
the centre, and describe a circle on the board: 



28 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

this is called the draft circle. In laying off the 
quarters correctly, it is better to describe the 
circle within, and about three-quarters or an inch 
from the verge of the stone. This will enable 
you to divide the quarters off more equally than 
by making them on the verge of the stone, which 
is always broken and uneven. Divide the outer 
circle into as many quarters as you wish to have 
put in, making a point at each quarter; then with 
a furrow stick, made perfectly straight, and of the 
same width as you wish the furrows to be, proceed 
to lay off as the leading furrows, by laying it on 
the outside of the draft circle, having one edge at 
the centre, the other end and same edge of the 
stick at the point in the circumference of the circle 
for the quarters, making them or rather marking 
them with a quill, and point both edges of the 
furrow stick. If the stone is to be run with the 
sun, (as millers generally understand the term), 
you must lay your furrow stick upon the right 
hand side of your draft circle and quarter points, 
as shown in Plates 3, 4, and 5. If you wish 
to run the stone the other way, or against the 
sun, you must lay your stick on the left hand 
side of the draft circle, and quarter points, and 
proceed round the stone, as shown in Plate 6. 
After the leading furrows are laid off, it is better 
to step them all around to correct them, should 
any mistake have been made. Then if all be 
equal, take your land stick, which must be of 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 29 

the width the lands are required to be, and is de- 
termined by the number of short furrows you put 
in between the leading farrows. Continue round 
the stone until all the furrows are laid off. It is 
needless to say they should all be of equal width. 
Then commence cutting in the furrows their proper 
width and depth. First use a sharp pick, making 
a straight mark on the lines of the furrows, the 
feather edge being but lightly marked. The 
edge of the furrow that is next the draft circle 
must be the feather edge, and that edge farthest 
from the circle, the back, or deepest part of the 
furrow. After marking the edges of the furrows, 
then with a heavy pick rough out the middle 
nearly the depth you want them, keeping the 
back part nearly straight from the face of the 
stone, and nearly a quarter of an inch deep, taper- 
ing up true to the feather edge. Then, with a 
sharp pick make them even and smooth the whole 
length of the furrows. The bed stone and runner 
are both dressed the same way. For a dress that 
will do for grinding both hard and soft wheat, the 
furrows should be laid off into thirteen or fourteen 
equal quarters, with three-quarters to each furrow, 
to be one and three-eighths inches wide, having 
the second furrows cut into the leading one, but 
leaving the width of the stick standing at the inner 
end of the furrow, (short), giving the leading far- 
row five inches draft, and making them a shade 
deeper at the eye. I would not recommend any 
3* 



30 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

one putting in new stones to put in the curve or 
circle dress. All kinds of millstones that curve 
require more power to drive them than furrows 
that have no curve. The more curve or circle 
the greater amount of power you want to drive 
the stones. 

To illustrate this subject more fully, take a mill- 
stone with a motion of one hundred and seventy- 
five or one hundred and eighty revolutions per 
minute, with furrows on the circle of one and a 
half the diameter of the stone. Then this stone 
has a draft at the eye, of the lowest number of 
inches generally given, being three and a half 
inches at the centre. As the pressure will be at 
least one-twentieth more than the straight dress, 
when the stones grind from twelve to fifteen 
bushels per hour, if one-twentieth of the power 
can be saved, then is it folly to use the circular 
dress, as the least pressure used in manufacturing, 
the better the flour after it is manufactured. 

In this dress more time is consumed in keeping 
your stone in proper order. Besides, the skirt of 
the stone will wear lower than the breast or eye. 
The heat caused by the great pressure used be- 
comes intense, whdch greatly affects the quality 
of the flour. These instructions refer to a four 
and one-half feet stone, making from one hundred 
and fifty to one hundred and sixty revolutions 
per minute, and burrs being of a close quality, 
or rather texture. If the stones are of an open 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 31 

quality and full of large pores, I would not recom- 
mend so many quarters being cut in them giving 
them less draft. It is absolutely necessary in such 
cases that the stones should have plenty of face 
to enable them to clean the offal and do their work 
well. 



Directions for laying off and cutting the 
Holes for the Balance Eyne and Driver. 
The running stone being laid with its face up- 
wards, and perfectly level, after fitting a planed 
board in the eye, you divide it into four equal 
quarters, and proceed to find the centre, as al- 
ready described. In this case, however, the lines 
are drawn the whole distance, from verge to 
verge, through the centre. The mortices should 
be made nearly an inch longer and wider than 
the thickness of the balance ryne. The centre 
of this thickness wants to be in the line you 
have drawn through the centre of the eye, there- 
fore the mortices must be set off, having this line 
through their centre. The object for making the 
mortices wider and longer than the thickness 
of the lugs is, that there may be room to wedge 
them, until they are in their right place. After 
cutting the mortices for the balance ryne the 
proper depth and size, you next proceed to lay 
off the mortices for the driver, on the two oppo- 
site quarter marks. There should be cast-iron 



32 THR MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

boxes for the driver to work in ; and as iron will 
not wear as fast as the stone, the work, therefore, 
is better done. These boxes should be one-quarter 
of an inch wider than the driver, as it must have 
room to play, (see plate 2d), and the mortices 
for the boxes should at least be one-half inch 
wider than the boxes. 

In order to make the mortices for the balance 
ryne and the boxes of the driver, good chisels and 
heavy ricks are required. First use a sharp 
pick to mark out each bed plain, so that you can 
make no mistakes afterwards from the painted 
marks wearing off. The sides of the mortices 
must be kept perfectly straight and square from 
the face of the stone. When you think the box- 
mortices are nearly of the proper depth, prove 
them by dropping the boxes in their place ; and 
the driver on the spindle in its place, making it 
fast, so that it will not drop off. The balance 
ryne being then in its proper mortices, and they 
of the right depth, put the point of the spindle 
into the centre of the balance ryne, and the sides 
of the driver into their boxes. If the driver 
rides on the bottom of the boxes their mortices 
must be made deeper ; as the point of the spindle 
should have a true bearing in the hole of the 
balance ryne, leaving plenty of room between the 
bottom of the boxes and the driver, required for 
play. 



and engineer's guide. 33 

Directions for putting in the Balance 
Eyne, and the Boxes for the Driver, 
and making them fast. 

The first way that this operation is performed 
is rather a difficult one, and is seldom resorted to 
by the practical miller. After seeing that your 
balance ryne is perfectly true in all its parts, and 
the hole for the cock-head punched exactly in the 
centre, as described hereafter in this work — then 
get a smooth strip of wood, the exact width of 
the lugs of the ryne, and thickness of the iron 
where the centre hole is punched in it, and fit it 
tightly across the space between the lugs, and 
even with that face of them that will be next the 
face of the stone, as in plate 7th ; then lay a small 
straight edge on the lugs and over the strip ; 
apply an iron square to the straight edge, with 
one blade at the centre point in the balance ryne, 
and make a mark on your strip, reverse your 
square, and if both points agree, that point is your 
centre ; if not, divide equally the difference for the 
centre, and work it on the face of the strip accord- 
ingly. Then place the balance ryne in the stone, 
having the centre of the thickness of the lugs 
even with the quarter marks on the stone. Then 
lay a straight edge on the stone, and from the op- 
posite quarter marks make a line across the mark 
you have on the strip ; this will be the centre of 
the stone. Now lay your straight edge at the 



34: THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

other quarter marks, and move the balance ryne 
until you have the centre on your strip even with 
straight edge, which will then be in a line with 
the quarter marks c, c, in plate 2. And now if it 
agrees with the two other quarter marks d, d, the 
balance ryne will be in its proper place, and the 
centre of it in the centre of the stone. 

Care must be taken to have the balance ryne 
perpendicular, otherwise the spindle wears out the 
hole to one side, and never can be made to run 
true ; to prove this matter you place one blade of 
your square on the face of the stone, the other 
blade in the eye of the stone, and by moving it 
you bring the centre point of the balance ryne to 
correspond in every way with the centre mark on 
the strip of wood. This is done by picking in the 
bottom of the morticed beds or holes, care being 
taken to give the balance ryne a true bearing, so 
that it lies solid. Then drive small iron wedges 
around the ends and sides of it, leaving room for 
the lead to run in ; which lead, after the sides of 
the mortices are stopped up with a stiff clay, is to 
be run in quite thin, and all around the iron, until 
it reaches above the surface of the mortices ; it is 
then to be settled down closely with a cold chisel 
and hammer. The common — almost universal — 
way in which millers set the balance ryne to its 
centre is to make a sweep, thus: they take a 
strip of wood about two inches wide, and one inch 
thick, and of sufficient length to reach from the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 35 

centre of the balance ryne to the verge of the 
stone; and bore a hole through one end ; into 
which they put a long pin and make it fast, the 
pin to be long enough to reach and fit in the pivot 
hole in the balance ryne, and the sweep to reach 
across the face of the stone : from repeated trials 
they get the balance ryne in the centre by meas- 
uring from it to the verge of the stone. 

In setting the boxes for the driver, first put the 
driver on the spindle, in the proper way, and then 
place the boxes on the driver, having a piece of 
wood one-fourth of an inch thick under the bot- 
tom, and a piece at the ends, to prevent the driver 
touching either the bottom or ends of the boxes ; 
then drive some wedges between the sides of the 
driver and the boxes to make the driver fast in 
the boxes. If this is carefully done it will have a 
good bearing on the side of the boxes, and will 
leave sufficient play for the driver ; and then the 
wedges are removed, care being taken that no 
part of the driver touches the boxes, except where 
it drives ; otherwise the stone will not run true. 

If the holes of the boxes are of their proper 
depths there will be little difficulty now in setting 
the spindle. Lift it carefully into its proper place, 
putting the point into the hole of the balance ryne, 
the foot being at the top, and the boxes in their 
places; set the spindle straight, and put some 
wooden wedges on the side of and between the 
boxes and the sides of the mortices ; then hang 



36 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the frame on the foot or under part of the spindle, 
the lower part of the frame reaching from the neck 
of the spindle to the verge of the stone. It should 
be about two inches from the face of the stone, 
and work accurately on the neck of the spindle — 
the top part of the tram to hang true on the foot 
or lower part of the spindle. Make a hole on the 
tram, about two inches from the verge of the stone, 
and therein fit a quill that will touch the face 
thereof. Let it play round. Turn the tram around 
also, and move the driving boxes until the quill 
touches equally and alike all round the face of the 
stone. When it does so, then is the spindle in its 
correct place, and the boxes must be fastened, 
after stopping up all the crevices round the boxes, 
in the eye of the stone, with stiff clay and running 
lead, as described for the lugs for the balance ryne. 
Be careful to mark the end of the driver, and the 
back or side of the stone, that it can always be 
put down the same way ; then take out the spin- 
dle, as the stone is now ready for use. 

A tram is made in the following manner : Take 
a piece of plank, two inches wide and one inch 
thick, the same length of the spindle ; cut another 
piece about two feet long, three inches wide, and 
one inch thick ; make a mortice through it of the 
same size as the long piece, and for one of its ends 
to go through and wedge tight, and to move the 
length you want it ; and make a hole half through 
the other end, the same size as the foot of the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 37 

spindle, to hang on the foot, when setting the 
spindle in its place ; take another piece of wood, 
four inches wide at one end, and diminished to 
one inch at the other, three feet long ; cut half a 
circle out of the widest end, to fit the spindle neck, 
then nail it fast from the middle to the end of the 
long piece. 

There are various ways now in use for driving 
the millstones — some being drove from the balance 
rim, and others in different ways. I will not give 
any opinion as to which is the best, not knowing. 
But I will say that I give the preference to the 
one which I have mentioned in this work. I can 
only say if any other way is used in driving the 
millstones they should be fitted up correct, other- 
wise the stones will not run well, doing but 
indifferent work. 



Of Setting the Bed Stone, an© Fastening 
the Bush therein. 

Lay the stone down in the place prepared for it. 
The back must be placed on the timbers to lie 
even and solid, and then level the face correctly ; 
this is done with a number of small wooden 
wedges between the stone and the timbers, by 
driving those wedges the most at the lower parts 
of the stone. When you have got the face of the 
stone perfectly level and lying solid on all the 
wedges, it should be fastened in its place by 
4 



38 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

driving wedges all around the verge, in order to 
keep it from moving sideways. Now clean the 
plaster out of the eye of the stone; sprinkle a 
little clean water on the plaster that remains, 
which will make the new plaster adhere better ; 
then drop the bush in the eye, having the upper 
part one half inch below the face of the stone ; 
place it exactly in the centre of the stone, by 
measuring from the verge and perpendicular, and 
put some wedges on each side, between the stone 
and bush, to keep it in its proper place ; then 
with clay plaster up all crevices below, so that 
when the plaster is poured in to fasten the bush, 
it will not run through. I think plaster of Paris 
the best for this purpose — for this reason : Should 
the bush ever want removing, it can easily be 
done without breaking the stone ; and if the plas- 
ter be good there is no danger of the bush getting 
loose. Mix the plaster with clean water until it 
be a little thicker than milk ; then pour it all 
around the bush next the stone, until all the 
crevices are filled up. This must be done as 
quickly as possible after mixing up the plaster ; 
if not done speedily the plaster will set and 
after it is once set it cannot be used again. 
When the plaster has once set hard, then put a 
board in the centre of the bush, and with a pair 
of compasses find the centre of the board, through 
which make a small hole ; then put one end of a 
plumb line through it with the bob attached, and 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 39 

reaching nearly to the step on the bridge tree; 
move the step so that the hole that is in it agrees 
with the point of the bob. When the step is in 
its right place wedge it up tight so that it cannot 
move. Now put the spindle in its right place ; 
tighten the neck, and it is ready for tramming. 

Every time afterwards when the runner is taken 
up to be dressed, the level of the bed stone should 
be tried and corrected if wrong. Almost all new 
mills will settle, and cause the bed stone to be out 
of level. 

One word of caution about the neck of the 
spindle. It should have plenty of clean grease or 
tallow to keep it from heating ; nor must it be 
made to fit tightly. It should be made so that it 
can be easily turned with the hand. If it be made 
to fit too tight, the neck will heat and expand 
when working; and when cooled after, will shrink, 
and the bush becomes loose. 



Directions how to Bridge or Tram the 
Spindle. 
First, take a piece of wood, four inches wide at 
one end, and diminished to one inch at the other, 
and from two to two and one-half feet long ; make 
a square mortice through the widest end, of a size 
to fit the square on the cock-head of the spindle ; 
make a small hole in the smaller end, and about 
two inches from the verge of the stone, and fasten 



40 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

a quill therein, setting it to touch lightly and to 
play all round the face of the stone ; make the 
tram, or piece of wood above described now fast 
on the square neck of the spindle ; then move the 
spindle gently around, observing the parts of the 
face of the stone the quill touches. Alter the 
wedges or screws of the step towards the side the 
quill touches, and keep repeating this operation 
until it touches the face (equally) of the stone, all 
round, observing not to set the quill to touch 
heavy in any part, otherwise it will not be equal 
all round. When this is done the spindle should 
be in the centre of the bed stone. Millstones 
require tramming every time they are dressed: 
if they are not correctly in tram they will rub 
together, heavier on one part than the other, and 
make the flour specky and of a dark color. The 
spindle being now in tram, and in the centre of 
the bed-stone, it is ready for grinding. 



Instructions for Grinding off the Lumps 
of New Stones, Turning the Back of the 
Eunning Stone, Bounding the Eye, ani) 
Balancing the Stone. 

First, your running stone should be properly 
balanced, which may be adjusted in the following 
manner : Take off the driver, that the stone may 
have full play on the cock-head; then raise the 
spindle so that there may be room between the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 41 

stones to see the balance. Find the heaviest parts, 
and near the verge lay on sufficient weights to 
balance it. Cut a hole in the back of the stone, 
as deep as you can make it, and as near the verge 
as possible, that the binding iron hoops of the 
stone may keep the lead in its place. This hole 
should be wider at the bottom than at the top, to 
prevent its flying out with the motion of the 
stone; into which molten lead is to be poured, 
until it brings the stone completely into balance. 
When the lead is cold, the hole is filled with mixed 
plaster, even with the back of the stone. When 
this is done, take up your runner, and sweep the 
stone clean. Then place two pieces of one- half 
inch board, four or five inches broad, across the 
bed stone, and have the ends fastened in some 
manner to the floor. Lay the running stone, 
ready for grinding, lower the runner nearly touch- 
ing the boards, then build a platform to reach 
across the back of the running stone, as near the 
stone as possible, without touching, and then start 
the mill briskly ; and then with sharp chisels 
turn off the back smooth and even, and the eye 
round and smooth, as far therein as you can reach : 
which being done, take off the runner, and clean 
your stones and put it down again, ready for 
grinding. Put on your hoop around the stone, 
then start your mill gently — feeding your stones 
with a small portion of rye, or the screenings of 
wheat. Keep them running in this way for some 
4* 



42 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

time, until the face of the stones becomes smooth — 
lowering the stones gradually, that they may run 
hard, having an unpleasant smell; so that when 
taken up the high parts of the face are polished 
and look glassy. Grinding oft* the lumps in the 
faces of the stones with water cannot be recom- 
mended, in consequence of its making the face of 
the stones uneven. For if there be any soft burrs 
in the stones it will wear them more than the hard 
ones. When you consider the mill has run long 
enough to polish the face, stop it. When this is 
done take up your runner and sweep your stones 
clean. You can now perceive whether the face 
of your stones has been truly dressed or not, as 
all the higher parts will be polished and shining. 
You will then have to use your staff, painted, as 
previously described. And by picking off the 
higher points, and rubbing with a burr block, and 
repeating the operation until the face of the stones 
is perfectly straight and smooth. Your mill will 
then be ready for grinding. 



Directions for Dressing and Sharpening 
Millstones when they Become Dull. 
Whenever the millstones become dull they have 
to be taken up and sharpened. In doing this, 
care is required, as well as in any other of the 
operations. When the staff is referred to, care 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 43 

must be taken that the staff used be tested on a 
proof staff made of iron, there being but few 
mechanics who can make this instrument perfectly- 
straight without the iron proof staff; and often 
very good millers make but indifferent work from 
using staffs that are not straight. With a straight 
staff try it then all over the face of the stone ; if 
it lie solid without bearing on one part more than 
another then the face of the stone is true ; if not, 
apply a little paint on your staff, and after moving 
it carefully over the face, thus marking all the 
higher points. These must be carefully worked 
off with sharp picks, and rubbed off with a 
burr block, as heretofore directed in this work, 
until the face is perfectly straight. You then 
again apply your staff, painted over all its sur- 
face, and wherever the paint appears you crack 
it lightly with the sharpest of your picks. These 
cracks should all be parallel with the furrows of 
the stone. Care is required to not make these 
cracks too deep, otherwise the stones will be rough 
and not grind so well. Millers should also have 
a knowledge of the different qualities of the burr 
blocks the stone is composed of, when performing 
this operation, it seldom happening that all the 
blocks are of the same quality, texture, or hard- 
ness: consequently, in the harder blocks the cracks 
should be closer and deeper than in the softer ones. 
In performing the above operation, the part next 
the eye of the running stone, for a distance of from 



44 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

four to five inches, should be dressed a little lower 
than the rest of the face of the stone. Frequently, 
in grinding, the stones become hot from being 
fitted too close next the eye. Millers should not 
resort to the operation of fleecing until the stones 
are badly out of face, as every part fleeced will 
wear much faster than the rest of the face of the 
stone. When the high parts upon the face of the 
stone are of but a small size, instead of fleecing 
them down, (technically termed), it is better to 
make them straight with the rest of the face by 
repeated cracking, taking the stones up occasion- 
ally for that purpose, until they become perfectly 
true or straight. 

The furrows should be often dressed, keeping 
the feather edge sharp, and nearly even with the 
face of the stone, and marking off the furrows and 
lands with the furrow and land sticks ; so that 
when dressed they will be of their proper sizes — ■ 
their depth being carefully attended to at the same 
time. When not deep enough they will not grind 
so fast, and they are apt to heat the flour ; and 
the bran will not come out so clean. When too 
deep, on the contrary, they are apt to throw out 
small parts unground. The furrows in every case 
should be a shade deeper at the eye than at the 
verge of the stone; and when they are dressed 
with the picks are to be carefully rubbed with a 
piece of burr block. 

I would recommend the miller, when taking up 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 45 

the millstones to be dressed, to have a bucket 
filled with warm water, wetting your stones; 
then with a scrubbing brush, with a little soap, 
scrub the face well, so that there will be no glaze 
left on them. You should have a large sponge, 
and soak the water off the stone, which will then 
soon be dry. The reason I recommend washing 
is, it opens all the pores in the stones, taking off 
the glazed parts. When the staff is tried on, 
there is nothing to obstruct its touching the face 
of the stone. 

I have by experience found that when mill- 
stones have been grinding corn for some time, 
and then changing them for wheat, will not be 
profitable; as the oil in corn will penetrate in 
the burr blocks, causing them to be of a greasy 
nature ; if they are cracked fine for wheat, these 
cracks will glaze, so that they will not clean the 
offal. I would recommend, before you commence 
grinding wheat, or changing them for wheat stones, 
to fleece off considerable of the face before using 
them. 

It often occurs, that the millstones will, when 
grinding, throw out small round pieces, with parts 
of the meal ground too close. When such is the 
case it is evident that the stones are out of face, 
and working entirely on some high part. This 
prevents the stones running close enough to each 
other, which, if this is not the case, the meal can- 
not be ground equally alike. When this is the 



46 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

case they should be taken up. If the face of the 
stones should prove to be true the farrows may be 
too deep and rough : if so, fill them up with some 
cement, that they may be their proper depth. For 
grinding corn, the furrows answer better by being 
a little rounding, and double the depth of the 
feather edge that is required for wheat. 

Some millers are in the practice of letting their 
millstones run a long time without dressing them. 
But I am well convinced that those who dress 
them weekly will be fully repaid for their trouble. 

Every mill should be supplied with a good 
grindstone ; also, a piece of stone to rub the picks 
on, to keep them sharp, as dull picks should not 
be used, in any case, on the face of the millstone. 

From my own experience, I think it necessary 
to give a few hints to millwrights and owners of 
mills in relation to the frequent alterations that 
are made in bolts, machinery, etc. ; when the fact 
,is, if the millstones were truly dressed these ex- 
pensive alterations would not be required. Before 
making any alterations in the machinery, the mill- 
stones should be tested, their face properly dressed, 
and out of wind, their irons correctly fitted : all 
this should be carefully attended to before any 
alterations are made in the machinery. We are 
certain that when the millstones are in wind, or 
their face untrue, they must make bad work, the 
meal not being evenly ground. Keeping the 
stones true is the principal art of Milling ; when 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 47 

they are dressed truly there are but seldom any 
complaints made about the bolts or machinery. 
At times the face of the stones will be untrue, or 
in wind, which is difficult to be taken out by a 
miller unless he understands his business properly. 
Frequently when complaints are made with the 
bolts or machinery, a few days' work on the mill- 
stones by a practical, experienced miller, will 
remove all the difficulty, thereby saving a con- 
siderable expense. Often when a miller cannot 
put the millstones in good order he is almost cer- 
tain to condemn the machinery ; after altering the 
bolting cloths, if the mill still does indifferent 
work, he feels discouraged and leaves the mill, 
laying the blame on the machinery. If the miller 
who takes the management of the mill after him 
should understand his business, he will commence 
with the millstones and make them true. The 
consequence is the machinery and bolting cloths 
have to be replaced as they were at first, before • 
the mill will do good work. 



Eespecting the Irons of the Mill. 
In fitting up a mill, the miller, or millwright, 
should pay particular attention that all the iron 
work thereof be made perfectly true. The mill- 
spindle should be tested in- the lathe before it 
leaves the shop, to see that the hole in the balance 
ryne, or point where the cock-head works in, be 



48 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

punched exactly in the centre, and that the driver 
is made an exact fit of the square of the neck of 
the spindle, allowing, however, one-fourth of an 
inch from the lower face of the driver to the neck 
of the spindle for sinking in the wear. If these 
irons, in particular, be not correct in every point, 
they will give the miller a deal of extra trouble, 
and cannot possibly do their work as well as they 
ought. 

If the mill be propelled by steam, the spindle 
requires to be much stronger than if by water- 
power, the power of steam being often quite un- 
steady. It should be of cast iron, from eight to 
nine feet in length from point to point, and the 
body not less than from fourteen to sixteen inches 
in circumference ; the whole neck from ten to 
twelve inches in length, and from top of neck to 
point of cock-head nine inches — as the top of the 
balance ryne should reach, when in the stone,* 
half way through the eye or more, thereby causing 
the stone to run better, it not being top heavy. 
The bottom and top or cock-head ends of the 
spindle should be correctly bored out, and their 
points ground in to fit exactly, that they may not 
change their position while running. These points 
are of course to be made of the best steel and well 
hardened. 

When driven by water, which is always a 
steady power, the spindles do not require to be 
so long or so large as those described for steam 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 49 

power. They are in general made of wrought 
iron, about five feet six inches in length, and their 
body two and one-half by three inches. 

In testing these spindles, observe that the three 
points, viz., the point, neck, and step, correspond 
with each other ; when they twist in any way the 
millstones are sure to run badly, and are apt to 
run bush-loose. After being tested the points 
should be case-hardened. 

The balance ryne should be made in proportion 
to the spindle, and correct in all its parts; and 
the driver should in all cases be made perfectly 
straight and smooth. 

The foregoing remarks apply to a four or four 
and one-half feet stone. If the stones are of less 
dimensions, of course the dimensions of the iron 
work must also be less ; observing however that 
they be as accurately fitted up as the larger ones. 

The boxes for the ends of the driver to work in 
ought to be cast a little rounding in the middle 
of the side, where the driver works in, that it may 
play easy, not touching the ends. 

The pinion should be hung as near the foot of 
the spindle as it conveniently can, as the spindle 
will thereby run much longer without being bush- 
loose. The pinions should be larger ; and as the 
friction will not be so great as on small ones the 
stones will run better 

All the shafts in a mill should be of a sufficient 
size and strength to prevent either springing or 
5 



50 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

trembling while working, otherwise the rest of the 
machinery runs badly, and is apt to break. 

When building a mill to be propelled by steam, 
care should be taken to have the first moving 
power, or wheel, that is hung on the rock or fly 
wheel shaft made large and heavy, as it will partly 
act as a fly wheel and keep the shaft steady. Its 
mate, or leading wheel, should also be heavy, the 
weight thereof keeping the upright shaft in its 
proper place. The main or larger wheels, that 
are of iron, whether leaders or drivers, to make 
them run even, should be done thus before using 
them. Every cog should be laid off and made 
true by chipping and filing them ; as it is almost 
impossible, if they are not true, that they will ever 
wear true by running. Besides it takes more 
power to run them. By these precautions the 
stones are kept from jumping, when the engine is 
at high speed, which they are apt to do if these 
wheels are made light. In fact I never yet knew 
a mill to run well, or make good flour, if it had 
those wheels of a small size or light weight. 

Very often wheels coming from the foundry are 
untrue and of an inferior metal, with the eye not 
placed in the centre. If bored out to fit the shaft, 
and this is not properly done, the wheels cannot 
possibly run true. When this occurs I would 
advise millwrights to send them back and get new 
ones. They are often used when not round, or 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 51 

the centre being on one side, causing the machinery 
to run badly as long as these wheels last. 

Often when the iron work is ordered at the 
foundry they will neglect cutting in the key seat 
of the wheels, to hang them on the shaft, not be- 
stowing the time necessary. If these key seats 
are not correctly cut and the keys properly fittted 
they will get loose when running. 

The seats should be level and smooth, and 
tapering a little, and the key fitted so that it 
touches the whole length of the seat. It may then 
be driven in lightly with no danger of it falling 
out when running. When building a mill, I 
would have all the centre of the wheels turned 
out, as they are better than the square eyes. 

Every mill propelled by steam should have 
steel springs put on the pinion to take off the back 
lash of the engine. 

Particular care should be taken to keep the 
upright shaft perpendicular, otherwise it takes 
more power from its pressing on the gudgeon, 
and disarranging the rest of the machinery. All 
the horizontal shafts should be perfectly level, and 
the upright shafts plumb; and it is evidently part 
of the miller's duty to keep them so. 



Description of Plate 4, Showing the Princi- 
ple UPON WHICH THE MILLSTONES WORK. 
Having heretofore explained the manner of 

dressing and setting millstones, and the arrange- 



52 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



merit of the iron work connected with them, until 
they are ready for grinding, it becomes my duty 
now to point out the principle on which they 
act. And for this purpose I refer you to the 
Transparent Plate attached to this work. See 
Plate 4. By taking a perspective view through 
this transparency, attached to Plate 4, the angles 
and the furrows cross each other and are dis- 
tinctly seen; and by moving it round you may 
form some opinion whether any improvement can 
be made in the draft of the furrows, etc. 

I have given this Transparent Plate that millers 
in general may have a rule or principle to work 
from. It, as well as the Plates 3, 5 and 6, 
are drawn on a scale of one-half inch to the 
foot, from a millstone four and a half feet in 
diameter, having fourteen equal quarters, (tech- 
nically termed), and three furrows to each quarter, 
and a ten -inch eye, giving to the furrows a 
five-inch draft. Plate 3, shows the plan of a 
bed stone, dressed, and lying ready for work. 
Plate 5, shows the running stone or mate of the 
bed stone ready dressed. From these plates, 
if carefully examined, I conceive the most in- 
experienced might commence and dress a pair 
of millstones without making any mistakes in 
laying out the draft, cutting the furrows, etc. 
These plates are drawn, showing the stones run- 
ning with the sun, as millers understand the 
term. If you want to dress them the contrary 



AXD EXGIXEERS GUIDE. 53 

way — that is to run the contrary way — reverse 
the dress to the opposite side of the eye of the 
stone, as seen in Plate 6. 

A great diversity of opinion exists among mil- 
lers in relation to the draft and dress of millstones. 
Some think they should be dressed one way, and 
some another, which proves that this, the most 
necessary part of a miller's duty, is but imperfectly 
understood; and in general very many of them 
dress their stones from seeing others that have 
been in use, or making slight alterations there- 
from, without knowing any thing of how the fur- 
rows cross each other, the work they have to do, 
or whether they will work better than those they 
are copying from or not. I believe the error 
within the last few years to have arisen from too 
much dress ; viz. : giving them too much draft 
and making too many furrows. By this means 
they certainly can grind more ; but the flour is 
liable to be heated, and the bran and offal to be 
made heavy — and you must afterwards use arti- 
ficial means to make the offal clean; and when 
the stones grind too fast it necessarily follows that 
it requires extra power to drive them : whereas, 
if the stones are given less draft and not too many 
furrows to carry less feed, they will make cleaner 
offal, and the flour will be better, and not sour 
when kept. To illustrate this, I again refer you 
to Plate 4. You there see the exact manner 
in which the furrows cross each other, the back 



54 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

of the furrows of the running stone running fore- 
most, or vice versa, to the bed stones, acts like 
a pair of shears. When the furrows have too 
much draft this is not the case. On the contrary, 
they then drive out the meal or flour as soon as it 
gets into them, thereby making coarse middlings 
and ship stuff. 

From my own experience, and by the advice 
and sanction of the most experienced practical 
millers I have consulted, the merits of the dress, 
as shown in Plate 4, cannot be too highly recom- 
mended. You there perceive that the furrows 
cross each other nearly at right angles, and 
that there is sufficient face or land left to do the 
work. I have already said that the principle of 
grinding is partly like that of the shears' clipping — 
the lands of the stones serving as guides to keep 
the grain in, and act as one edge of the shears, 
while the feather edge of the furrows and pores in 
the stone form the other edge. If these shears, 
therefore, cross each other at too great an angle 
they cannot cut. The reason that the cracks or 
strokes of the picks are made parallel with the 
furrows, is, that they act as a file to clean off the 
bran. By putting in a dress as shown in the 
plate, the face of the stones being straight and 
lightly cracked, and the furrows smooth and even, 
a four and a half foot stone will grind from ten to 
twelve bushels of wheat per hour without heating 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 55 

the flour, and make the offal clean, and will not, 
therefore, turn sour by keeping. 

Millers should take into account the velocity of 
the motion the stones run at respecting the draft. 
Where the motion is slow the draft may be in- 
creased with advantage, as the centrifugal force is 
not so great as to throw the meal out. And again 
the draft of the furrows can be corrected to a great 
extent by their depth ; if the draft is not sufficient, 
deepen the furrows: whereas, if it be too great, 
let the furrows become shallower, taking care 
however never to let them become too shallow, as 
there should be sufficient room to allow them to 
cool or to admit air sufficient to carry off* the heat 
generated by friction. 



How to Fit a New Back on a Stone that 

HAS BEEN EUNNING. 

When the back of the running millstone is not 
sound, but breaks and flies off in the running ; or 
where the stone is not so heavy as you wish it,* 
considerable loss of time, trouble of sending to the 
builder, and expense, are entailed. By following 
the instructions I give below, the same operation 
may be done at home, and the back made as good 
and sound as the builder could make it. It is as 
follows : You block the stone up with a block of 
wood, having its face down until it lies even, solid, 
and perfectly level ; then pick and scrape off all 



56 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the plaster down to the face blocks, so that none 
remains but what is in the joints of the face 
blocks; then wash these blocks, and keep soaking 
them with water. There should also be a number 
of pieces of burr blocks, at the same time, washed 
clean and kept soaking. You then with a bucket 
half filled with clean water, and mixed with two 
tablespoonsful of glue- water boiled and dissolved, 
but not made so strong as joiners use it, mix in 
with your hand plaster of Paris until it be thick 
enough that it will not run, and breaking all the 
lumps, pour this on the stone, rubbing it in with 
your hand — the stone being at the time damped ; 
and place small pieces of stones all over the joints 
of the face blocks. You then, with more plaster, 
mixed in the same way, but made more stiff, with 
this and pieces of burr stones, build walls round 
the eye and verge, four or five inches high, leaving 
the surface uneven and the eye larger, as it will 
be brought to its proper size by the last operation. 
It is better to build up the wall of the running 
stone round the verge for three inches without 
any spalls, so that the holes may be cut in to 
balance it. If you then wish to make your stone 
heavier, you take pieces of iron (broken into small 
pieces, well washed and perfectly clean; for if 
there be any grease on this iron, the plaster will 
not adhere to it) and lay them evenly all round 
the stone, in the place between the two walls just 
built; and with plaster mixed a little thicker than 



AND engineer's guide. 57 

milk, pour in under and through all the crevices 
in the iron until the surface is nearly level with 
the two walls. If the stones do not require addi- 
tional weight added, instead of iron, use pieces of 
stone in the same way, leaving the surface rough 
and uneven. Again, you, as before, build walls 
round the verge of the stone, and round the eye 
of the stone, until they are within two inches of 
the thickness you want your stones to be, the wall 
round the eye being two inches higher than that 
round the verge, and filling the space between 
these walls with stones, and pouring in plaster 
again, make it nearly level with the walls, but 
leaving the surface rough and jagged, to make the 
next plaster adhere well to it. You now let it 
stand until the back is dry and perfectly set, 
when you raise the stove upon its edge, and with 
a trowel, plaster round the edge of the stone 
neatly, giving it a taper of half an inch from the 
face to the back of the stone. When cased round 
in this way, lay the stone down on the cock-head, 
it being in the balance ryne, but the driver off; then 
raise the spindle, and balance the stone as already 
directed before putting on the remainder of the back. 
You then have a tin made the size of the eye, and 
to reach from the balance ryne to the thickness you 
want the stone to be at the eye. This tin should 
be exactly fitted to its place, and made fast ; then 
fit a hoop of wood or iron round the verge, having 
the upper edge the thickness from the face you 



58 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

want the stone to be at the verge, and equal all 
round. This hoop should be greased, and all the 
cracks round it, and the tin in the eye being 
stopped, you pour thin plaster (having more glue- 
water than in operations before performed, to pre- 
vent it from setting so quickly, and to give time 
to finish the back correctly) until it be level with 
the hoop round the verge, and with a straight 
edge, one end resting on the hoop, and the other 
end resting on the tin at the eye ; then, by moving 
it round, and working the plaster with a trowel, 
make the surface of the back even and smooth 
between these two points. The hoop is then 
taken off, and the back and the edges planed 
smooth. Then lower the spindle until your runner 
lies solid, and put your band or hoop on, it being 
first made nearly red hot, and taking care that it 
is of sufficient size not to require too much driving ; 
if fitting too tightly it may loosen the back in 
driving it to its proper place. It may be cooled 
gently by pouring water on it, and when cool it 
should fit tight. It is necessary that there be 
plenty of help in this operation, as it requires 
being done quickly ; and care must be taken to 
have the best plaster of Paris ; for if the plaster 
is not good, the back cannot be made sufficiently 
sound. 



and engineer's guide. 59 

Of the Elevator ; Conveyor, and Hopper 
Boy. 

Every mill should have the following machinery 
attached to it, viz : the elevator, conveyor, and 
hopper boy (a description of which I subjoin), 
which will perform nearly every necessary move- 
ment of the grain and meal, from one part of the 
mill to another, or from one machine to another, 
through all the various operations, cooling the 
flour and so forth, from the time the grain is 
emptied from the wagoner's bag until it be com- 
pletely manufactured into flour, whether it be 
superfine or of other qualities, and separated ready 
for packing into barrels for sale or exportation — 
the whole propelled by the motive power of the 
mill, very little being required to drive them, 
— thus lessening the expense of the attendance, 
etc., on flour mills considerably. 

THE ELEVATOR. 

The elevator is an endless strap, revolving over 
two pulleys, one of which is situated at the place 
where the grain or meal is to be hoisted, the other 
where it is to be delivered. To this strap are 
fastened a number of buckets, which fill themselves 
as they pass under the lower pulley, and empty 
themselves as they pass over the upper one. To 
prevent any waste of grain or meal, which might 
spill out of the buckets, the strap, buckets, and 



60 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

pulleys, are all enclosed, and work in tight cases. 
The straps should be made of the best leather or 
gum belting, well stretched, and having strong 
buckles sewed on one end, that it may be made 
tight in the event of it becoming loose. The 
buckets are made of sheet iron or tin, not quite 
so wide as the strap, and fastened thereon, having 
an equal space between each bucket, and placing 
them from twelve to fifteen inches apart. In 
fastening them lay your square on the leather 
strap, holding one edge true with its edge, and 
mark it straight across ; then, with the edge of 
your bucket to this mark, punch it, and fasten on 
your buckets. 

It is best these buckets should be large, without 
being crowded, and made of the best material, 
such as sheet iron or tin. When made of tin, be 
sure they are made of the thickest and heaviest 
you can find. If made of light tin, they will last 
but a short time. I prefer putting them on the 
belt with screws instead of rivets ; for this reason : 
when any one needs removing, the old one may 
be removed without injuring the belt. The proper 
way to put the buckets on the belt, is with stout 
screws, about one inch long, and with sharp points. 
Make your holes in the bucket, then lay one of 
them on the belt, and with a sharp point make a 
mark, and punch these holes through the belt the 
proper size for the screws. Cut some thick leather 
about one and a half inch square, put the screws 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 61 

through the belt and bucket into this leather 
which is inside of the bucket, and screw them 
tight. If the belt runs straight without rubbing 
on its edge, the gum belt will answer as well and 
last nearly as long as leather, costing consider- 
ably less. This strap and buckets are made to 
revolve with sufficient rapidity to carry the grain 
or meal requisite. 

The pulleys for the elevators should be at least 
twenty-four inches in diameter, and about one inch 
thicker than the width of the belt, and nearly 
half an inch higher in the middle than at the 
sides, to make the strap keep on. These pulleys 
should have a motion of twenty-live revolutions 
per minute. The buckets should be about fifteen 
inches apart. One hundred and twenty-five 
buckets will pass per minute. They will carry 
one hundred and sixty-two quarts, and hoist three 
hundred bushels per hour. If this is not fast 
enough, make the strap wider and the buckets 
larger, increase the velocity of the pulley (not to 
be above thirty-five revolutions per minute), nor 
place more buckets than one for every twelve 
inches, or they will not empty. 

THE CONVEYOR. 

The conveyor is an endless screw of two con- 
tinued spirals, put in motion in a trough. The 
conveyor has eight sides to its shaft, set on all 
sides with small inclined boards, called flights. 
6 



62 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

The shaft should be made of yellow pine, which 
is light, and the least liable to spring. It should 
make from thirty to thirty-five revolutions per 
minute. The flight can be made so that the grain 
or meal may be conveyed and run out at any part 
of the trough ; or be altered to drive either for- 
ward or backward ; and when the flour is full of 
specks, the miller can, by altering the flights in 
the flour chest, cause the flour to be brought back 
to the return spout, to be bolted over again ; the 
conveyor, therefore, is one of the most useful parts 
of machinery in a mill. Wheat may be run into 
several garners or binns from one conveyor, 
holes being cut in the bottom of the trough, and 
slide attached with spouts under each hole, and 
having the flights so arranged that the wheat will 
run out at any part of the trough into any of the 
binns ; and should the miller want to separate the 
different qualities of wheat, he can do so by alter- 
ing the slides, allowing the wheat of a superior 
quality to run into one binn, while that of an 
inferior quality runs into another : or he may mix 
them, by allowing both to run into one binn, as he 
thinks proper. 

THE HOPPER BOY. 

The hopper boy consists of a perpendicular 
shaft having a slow motion (not above six or 
seven revolutions per miuute), carrying round 
with it a horizontal piece of wood called the arm 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 63 

or rake. In the centre of this arm or rake, a hole 
is made large enough for the bottom end of the 
shaft to work easy in, and to rise and fall as re- 
quired from the accumulation of flour in the hop- 
per boy. The under side of the rake is set full 
of small inclined boards called flights, so as to 
gather the meal toward the centre, and to the part 
or hole that feeds the bolt. 

At this part a board is set broadside foremost, 
and fastened to the rake, which is called the 
sweeper, and which carries the meal before it 
until it drops it into the shoe leading to the bolt 
or bolting cloths, while it passes over it. Thus 
you perceive, that as the meal falls from the ele- 
vator it is spread out to cool and mixed together 
at the same time. 

There are two other arms put through the shaft 
and near its top, to the ends of which, and to the 
ends of the rake, a line or lines are attached to 
help to carry it round. Near the upper end of 
the shaft, also, there is a mortice cut in which 
works a small pulley. Over this pulley is a line, 
having one end attached to the rake, the other to 
a weight, that the rake may work more easy, by 
rising and falling in proportion to the feed in the 
hopper boy, as sometimes the meal will not bolt 
so fast as it is ground ; while again you may want 
to stop the bolts without stopping the mill ; for 
when the meal bolts too freely the flour is apt to 
be full of specks. It is better, therefore, to let 



64 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the meal accumulate in the hopper boy, until there 
is sufficient to give the bolts a heavier feed. The 
shoe that feeds the bolt should not be less than 
twelve or fourteen inches long, as it will then sup- 
ply the feed more regularly than if shorter. 



Of Bolting Eeels and Cloths, with direc- 
tions for Bolting and Inspecting Flour. 

Bolting being one of the most important parts 
of milling, I would observe that the attention of 
. the miller should be particularly directed to the 
construction of the bolting chest, the reels, and 
every thing appertaining thereto, taking into con- 
sideration the duties they have to perform. I 
present the following remarks (being what I con- 
sider necessary for a mill making from one hun- 
dred to two hundred barrels per twenty-four 
hours) for his guidance ; and although they may 
not suit in every instance, I flatter myself they 
will be found to answer a general purpose, and 
assist him, should he be so situated as to have to 
make some deviation therefrom, as they will en- 
able him to form some idea of what alterations 
his circumstances may demand. 

Two superfine reels are necessary for a mill of 
this capacity, to be twenty feet long and thirty- 
two inches in diameter each, running at the rate 
of thirty or thirty-two revolutions per minute, 



AND engineer's guide. 65 

and covered with No. 10 or 12 cloth. Under these 
reels, and to receive the stuff from the first two, 
are placed two other reels — called return reels — 
covered w r ith No. 10 cloth. And still again under 
these are placed two more ; one reel for middlings, 
covered with No. 5 cloth, and one for a duster, 
covered with No. 10 or 12 cloth — all to be of 
the same length, diameter, and running at the 
same speed as the first two described. As these 
reels are constructed with six ribs, they conse- 
quently have six sides when covered. The 
diameter of the best sized reels is thirty-two 
inches, as stated above ; the circumference will be 
three times that diameter, or ninety-six inches. 
The bolting-cloth is forty inches wide; one 
width, therefore, should be ripped up into three 
equal widths, each of which will be thirteen and 
one-third inches wide. It will consequently take 
two widths of forty inch cloth to make six of 
these narrow widths. From the centre of one of 
these ribs to the next, is half the diameter — that 
is, sixteen inches. These six widths (thirteen and 
one-third inches) must then be sewed together 
with a strip of bed-ticking between them, which 
bed-ticking will come on each rib. These strips 
of ticking must be of an equal width (about three 
inches), as the width of the whole six must not 
exceed the difference between the six narrow 
widths of the bolting-cloths and the circumference 
of the reels. When you have sewed all the seams 



66 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

of the bolting-cloths, then sew a strong piece of 
cotton cloth or bed-ticking, about six inches wide, 
and long enough to go round the reel at the head, 
and a piece four or five inches wide at the tail — 
these pieces being to fasten the cloth to the reel. 
Cover the outer edge of the ribs with strips of 
cotton cloths, about one and a half inches wide, to 
prevent the cloths from wearing through by rub- 
bing against the ribs ; then put your cloth on the 
reel, which is made to go on tight, and fasten it 
at the head and tail ends with small tacks. It is 
a general remark with millers, that they have not 
sufficient bolting-cloth for cleaning the offal, 
especially when the wheat is damp, as it requires 
more cloth than it does when it is dry. In 
fact I never saw too much in any mill. It is 
generally when new mills are built, after running 
a short time, extra reels have to be put in. When 
the wheat is perfectly dry stop off part of the 
feed of some of the bolts, or stop some of the 
bolts entirely. When the wheat is dry you re- 
quire a heavy feed in the bolts, otherwise the 
flour will be too specky for the market. The 
reels should have a fall of half an inch to the 
foot, and movable bridge trees to raise or lower 
them at pleasure. Sometimes large reels are put 
in, forty-two inches in diameter. I have used 
them, but find they will make the flour full of 
specks; therefore I cannot recommend them. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 67 

When used, their speed should not be more, than 
twenty-five revolutions per minute. 

The bolting chest should be made having suffi- 
cient return slides, so that you may alter them to 
suit. The miller who has had any experience in 
the business, can at once perceive by taking some 
of the flour in his hand, and smoothing it with 
something having an even surface, whether it is 
too full of specks or not to be saleable in the 
market; if it is too full of specks, then he can 
open some of the slides, that it may be returned 
and bolted over again. Should the flour appear 
darker than what might be expected from the 
quality of the wheat, it shows either the grinding 
to be too high, the bolting to be too close, or the 
face of the stone not truly in dress ; because, the 
finer the flour the whiter its color. 

Bolting reels for a small country mill where the 
mill does not grind more than five bushels per 
hour, or, as is generally the case, in small parcels, 
a reel sixteen feet long is sufficient, to be covered 
ten feet from the head with No. 9 cloth, and the 
remaining six feet at the tail end covered with 
No. 6 cloth. If more than this quantity is ground 
you will require more reel and cloth in proportion 
to the quantity. 

By putting the cloth on the reel, care should be 
taken to have every seam on each rib of the reel, 
so that w r hen the cloth is finished it will be 
stretched tight, without any wrinkles to be seen 



68 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the whole length. When putting on your cloth, 
it is best to stretch the ends of the cloth, to bring 
them as near their place as you can, putting in a 
few tacks to keep the ends from moving. Then 
with a small needle, such as saddler's use for their 
fine work, with some fine flax thread waxed with 
bees-wax, sew it. Let this seam be made on the 
top of one of the ribs. Be careful to draw this 
seam tight, so that the cloth is perfectly stretched. 
When your seam is finished stretch it lengthways, 
so that the creases are all out. Fasten it at the 
head and tail ends with some small tacks. 



Directions for Cleaning of Wheat. 

It is necessary before grinding, that wheat 
should be well cleaned, and all impurities taken 
out of it so far as possible ; otherwise the flour 
will be of a dark color and full of specks. I will 
give a few directions necessary to be observed in 
this matter. 

In the first cleaning the seed should be attended 
to so that there be no obstructions, as the feed 
should be as regular for the machinery as for the 
mill-stones. It is almost impossible that the wheat 
can be made clean unless the feeding be properly 
regulated. 

First it should be elevated to a shaker, which 
should be made use of to remove and take out 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 69 

rat dung, oats, and small sticks, and every thing 
that is longer and larger than the wheat. This 
shaker is a frame (of wood) about four inches 
deep, eighteen wide, and about five or six feet 
long, the bottom being of sheet-iron. At the 
distance of two feet from the top end, holes are 
punched for two feet six inches in the length of 
the screen, leaving one foot six inches at the lower 
end not punched. These holes are punched just 
large enough for the wheat to pass through, while 
the sticks, rubbish, etc., pass over them and out 
at the lower end. This shaker should be set on 
an incline, and so that you can raise or lower the 
tail end at pleasure ; and the crank should not be 
more than one-half or three-quarters of an inch 
in diameter, and making from one hundred and 
twenty (120) to one hundred and fifty (150) revo- 
lutions per minute. This should be made to w r ork 
easy without jumping, for if it does the sticks 
will fall through in the wheat. It is necessary to 
have a small blast of wind carried under the bot- 
tom of the sheet-iron ; this will assist to take out 
all the impurities from the wheat. From this 
shaker it should run into a large suction-pan, 
which will take out the small wheat and all other 
impurities. This will bring it to the proper state 
for cleaning for grinding. 

You then elevate the wheat to the smut mill to 
be well scoured, in order to break any smut or 
dirt that is not taken out, and also to rub the fuz 



70 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

off the wheat (the smutter should run at the rate 
of from six to seven hundred revolutions per 
minute) ; it is then run from the smutter to the 
suction-fan, so if any dirt is left in the wheat it 
may be taken out, or it will make the flour of a 
gray color. 

This suction-fan is represented by Plate 9. The 
drawing as given in the plate shows both a suc- 
tion-fan and grain separator — scale, half an inch 
to the foot. It is a good machine, cleans and 
separates well, weighing the grain by its specific 
gravity. The wheat enters near the bottom of a 
tapered spout, and falls on a piece of wire screen ; 
the wind is sucked into the fan from underneath 
the wire, lifting the wheat up the tapered spout, 
but as it rises the spout gets larger, and the wheat 
accumulating stops the draft. The good wheat is 
discharged by the side of the wire, while the light 
is carried over into the hopper, where the air ex- 
pands more, and allows it to fall out at the opening 
at the bottom of the hopper, where there is a 
spout to a valve attached. The chaff is discharged 
through the fan ; the motion required is six hun- 
dred revolutions per minute. The wheat is then 
run from the suction-fan into the stock hopper, and 
is then ready for grinding. 

Screens have until recently been greatly in use. 
A great many mills are doing away with them. 
I do not think them of much utility in a flouring 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 71 

mill ; as they take a great deal of room ; besides 
filling the room with dust and dirt. 

I will give some instructions to those who would 
like to use them. These reels should be made 
about ten feet long, eight feet to be covered with 
No. 10 wire from the head end, the remaining two 
feet of the reel to be covered with No. 4 wire. 
This reel should be about thirty inches in diame- 
ter, and running about twenty-two revolutions per 
minute. After cleaning the wheat there will be 
dust in the stock hopper when nearly empty, 
w r hich should be taken out. This can be done by 
using a small suction-fan. This instrument is 
easily made, costing but little, as almost any me- 
chanic can build it, The length of the whole not 
being more than four feet, its breadth about the 
same size as the fan, where there is a silent feeder 
it should have a frame made to stand on the hoop, 
similar to the hopper ladder. 

I believe, although its small appearance, it is a 
very useful machine, and will be generally used ; 
there is a spout attached for a bag to hang on; this 
secures all the dust or dirt from going in the 
mill. For a small country mill, where there is not 
sufficient cleaning apparatus, they will be a great 
benefit. The fan is driven from the spindle of the 
stone. The pulleys should be made to drive the fan 
eight hundred revolutions per minute. 



72 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



Instructions for Grinding Wheat. 

In grinding wheat into flour, the end we have 
in view is to reduce it to such a degree of fineness 
as is proved from experience to fit it to make the 
best bread, and to put it into such a state that the 
flour may be most . effectually separated from the 
bran or skim of the grain by sifting or bolting. 
Having, therefore, your stones dressed and ready 
for grinding, and your wheat well cleaned, you 
start the mill gently, putting the power on gradu- 
ally, until the full power that is required is on. 
The feed should be put on in a similar way. 
Then lower your stone down gently, until the meal 
feels soft and even. As to the quantity of feed a 
mill should have, I can lay down no rules to 
follow, and therefore it must be left to the miller's 
own judgment; observing, however, that where 
the feed is either too great or too small, the stones 
cannot do their work ; and it is here the experi- 
ence of the miller is called into requisition, in 
regulating the feed to suit the speed the stones run 
at, and their state for grinding. To the inex- 
perienced I beg to offer some hints for his guid- 
ance in this matter, viz : Catch some of the meal 
as it falls from the stones, and feel it between 
your finger and thumb ; if it feels even and smooth, 
not being greasy, and the motion of the stones 
being right, it will then bolt well and make good 



axd engineer's guide. 73 

flour. If the meal feels coarse, or the stones run 
too slow, take off the feed, and keep altering until 
they do good work and run their proper speed ; 
while again, if the meal feels greasy, raise the 
stone a little, regulating your feed to suit. It 
requires practice to be enabled to judge of the 
requisite fineness of the meal ; as a general rule, 
however, it cannot be ground too fine, provided 
you have sharp stones and the feed properly regu- 
lated. Some think that by grinding too fine you 
destroy the life of the flour, as it is called. 

It is not the fineness that destroys the life, but 
the heat produced by too great a pressure, from 
the stones rubbing together when grinding, as 
nearly all the flour may be taken out of the wheat 
which will pass for superfine. Millers also require 
to pay particular attention to the grinding and 
bolting, with regard to the different qualities of 
wheat This needs repeated watching, some lots 
or parcels being soft and damp. In these cases, 
less feed is required than when the wheat is dry 
and hard. If damp wheat be ground with a 
heavy feed, the bran w T ill not be cleaned, nor the 
flour so good. Neither should it be ground with 
dull stones ; in that case the meal will be clammy, 
and stick to the cloth, thus preventing it from 
bolting freely; besides, it prevents its rising in 
baking. Damp wheat requires as little pressure 
as possible, and this cannot be done with dull 
stones. To test the matter, hold your hand near 



74 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the spout, and catch, some bran as it falls from the 
stones, and separate it from the flour ; if the bran 
feels soft, and is clean, and of an even thickness, 
then are the stones sharp and grinding well. 
While again, if it is not clean, and cut fine, alter 
your stones ; and if that does not alter the quality 
of the bran, the fault lies in the furrows, or the 
face not being true, but rough and uneven. If 
the stones grind too hot, it is often caused by the 
stones being too high round the eye, or the fur- 
rows not being of sufficient depth. Catch a hand- 
ful of meal as it # falls from the stones, and shut 
your hand quickly; if the meal will fly out and 
escape between your fingers, it proves it to be in 
a lively state, the stones sharp, and it will bolt 
well ; the greater the quantity that remains in the 
hand, the more faulty will be the flour. 

If the face of the stones are untrue, some parts 
being higher than others, these parts will rub 
harder, thus causing a heavy friction, and making 
the flour of a dark color, and full of specks, and 
keeping other parts of the stones too far apart, 
thus causing too much middlings to be made, and 
not cleaning the offal. When the stones get too 
close, and rub together, so that the meal feels 
greasy, they ought to be taken up and well 
cleaned. If continued running in this way, the 
face becomes polished, the furrows fill up, and no 
air can pass in or through the stones to carry off 
the heat generated by the friction in grinding. If 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 75 

the bran is "uneven, some being thick and white 
with flour, and some clean and cut up into small 
particles, or if the grain escapes grinding, there is 
evidently a defect in the stones. Sometimes the 
furrows may be too deep, the face not straight, or 
it may be a low part in the face of the stone. It 
then requires that a miller, on watch, should have 
nothing else to do than attend to the regulation 
of the feed, the working of the stones, and the 
rest of the machinery , and to do this properly in 
a large mill, is as much as one man can attend to. 
It is requisite that the stones of a mill should 
be taken up and dressed every week, when running 
night and day. Some, indeed, let them run longer ; 
but in that case they cannot grind so well, nor 
will the flour be so lively, nor the bran so clean. 
Indeed, the difference will fully repay the trouble 
and expense of dressing, as, after dressing, the 
bran is so much cleaner and larger. A great 
oversight by many millers, and one where the 
interest of their employers is not studied as much 
as it should be, is grinding too fast ; the flour is 
thereby heated, the yield is deficient, and the offal 
not so clean. A four and a half feet pair of mill- 
stones, properly dressed, and making one hundred 
and sixty revolutions per minute, and driven with 
sufficient power, ought to grind not more than 
from ten to twelve bushels of wheat per hour to 
make clean and good work. 



76 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 



Directions for Grinding Wheat with Garlic 
amongst it, and for dressing the stones 
suitable thereto. 

In many parts of the country where wheat is 
grown, there is a species of onion, called garlic, 
that grows among, and spontaneously with, the 
wheat. It bears a head like that of a seed onion, 
which contains a great number of seed about the 
size of a grain of wheat, and nearly as heavy. If 
the wheat can be laid by two or three months in 
the sun, or if well dried, the garlic will shrink, 
and then a great part of it may be blown out 
with the fans, or will fall through the screens. 
It is, however, nearly impossible to separate it 
completely. The smaller and lighter may be got 
rid of; but where the grains are of the size 
and nearly the same weight as the grains of wheat, 
it is a very difficult matter to make a separation. 
It is sometimes done by putting the wheat in 
water, when the wheat sinks, leaving the garlic on 
top. But thk is too tedious a method, and takes 
too much trouble afterward to dry the wheat, and 
make it fit for grinding ; therefore, a portion of 
garlic must necessarily be ground with the wheat. 
It is of a glutinous nature, and adheres to the 
stones, and gums them over in such a way as to 
dull the edges that they will not grind. When 
this is the case, the running stone must be taken 



AND engineer's guide. 77 

up, and the garlic washed off the face of the stones 
with hot water, scrubbing them with stiff brushes, 
until the faces are perfectly clean, and dried up 
again with a sponge or cloth. This has to be re- 
peated two or three times in twenty -four hours' 
grinding, if there is much garlic amongst the 
wheat. 



Directions how to put the Stones in Order 
for Grinding Wheat that has Garlic 
amongst it. 

Put some paint on your stone-staff, and move 
it gently round the face of the stone. Where it 
marks, it should be cracked heavy and closely ; 
where there is no paint, a light cracking will do. 
The face of the stones should be left rougher than 
for grinding wheat free from garlic, on account 
of the garlic being of such a glutinous nature ; 
also, keep the face of the running stone lower 
around the eye, that the grains of the garlic break 
less suddenly, thus giving it more time to mix and 
become incorporated with the meal, which pre- 
vents it from filling up and gumming the cracks 
in the stone. The rougher the face of the stones 
are left, the longer they will run. 

Having, however, taken all the precaution and 
care that you can, if there is much garlic in the 
wheat, the offal will be heavy, and the bran not 



78 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

well cleaned. The bran and offal, however, may 
be ground and bolted over again. 

Mill owners should be cautious about buying 
wheat for grinding having garlic in it, if they can 
possibly avoid it. 



Directions for grinding Middlings, and how 
to prevent the stones from choking, so as 
to make the most of them. 

After the wheat has been ground in the best 
manner you possibly can, there will yet appear in 
the bolting a species of coarse meal, called mid- 
dlings, of a quality between superfine and shorts, 
and which is frequently made into coarse bread. 
But as the meal in this state sells at a low rate, 
it is more profitable to grind it over, so that the 
superfine flour that is in it may be taken from it, 
and disposed of to a greater advantage than what 
the middlings will sell for. 

If there are more than one pair of stones in the 
mill, the better plan is to run one pair for mid- 
dlings, and the other with poor wheat, so that 
both can be bolted together, which will be of ad- 
vantage to the middlings, as they require bran 
among them to prevent the bolting-cloths from 
clogging, and it will bolt cleaner and better. 
There should be a rod put through the baT that 
supports the upper end of the damsel, the lower 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 79 

end reaching inside the eye to the balance ryne, 
to prevent the middlings from sticking to the eye 
of the stone, so it cannot feed. 

If there are but one run of stones in the mill, 
and you want the middlings made into superfine 
flour, you can, by a little simple machinery, run 
them into the eye of the stone, and grind them 
with the wheat; therefore, both will be bolted 
together. 

iSe careful to avoid too much pressure when 
grinding middlings by themselves, as there is then 
not bran to prevent the stones from running too 
closely together. If the stones are run as close 
as when grinding wheat, the flour will be killed ; 
while, if it be pressed but lightly — that is, the 
stones kept at the requisite distance, the flour 
will be lively, and make good bread. When 
middlings are ground by themselves, it will be 
necessary to add some bran in the bolting ; the 
bran prevents the bolting-cloths from choking, 
thus causing it to bolt more freely and cleaner. If 
ground and properly bolted, there will not be any 
thing left after to pay for grinding, or doing any 
thing more to it. It will be fit only for feed. 

Every mill that is making from one hundred to 
two hundred barrels of flour in twenty-four hours, 
should have a pair of stones expressly for grind- 
ing middlings, of three or three and a half feet in 
diameter, of a rather close texture, having one 
inch to the foot draft, with ten or eleven quarters, 



80 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

and three furrows to each quarter ; these furrows 
one and a fourth inches broad, and one fourth 
inch deep at the eye of the stones, tapering a little 
to the verge, the running stone being made 
deeper at the eye. This stone should not run 
more than one hundred and thirty revolutions per 
minute ; when run too fast they will not feed. 
The eye of the stone should be five inches in 
diameter at top, and ten inches at the bottom or 
face of the stones. The wide part of the eye 
should be lined with zinc or tin from the face to 
a little above the balance ryne ; if these instruc- 
tions be followed, there is no danger of its choking. 



Eeels for Bolting the Middlings. 

In many mills but one reel is used for bolting 
middlings ; but it is much better to have two, as 
the wheat is often damp ; therefore, the flour will 
be better sifted by its passing through a greater 
length of cloths. These reels should be fourteen 
or sixteen feet in length, with a half inch to the 
foot fall, having movable bridge-trees, to raise 
or lower at pleasure ; the upper reel to be cov- 
ered with No. 10 cloth the whole length ; the head 
end of the lower reel for half the length to be 
covered with the same number of cloth, and the 
other half with No. 8 cloth ; the speed should be 
thirty revolutions per minute. When only one 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 81 

reel is used, the head may be of No. 10 cloth, and 
the tail of No. 8 cloth. The bolting-chest should 
be constructed having sufficient slides, so that the 
flour may be elevated into the hopper boy, and 
bolted with the meal, and made into superfine 
flour ; or it may be packed separate as it is. 



Instructions for a Small Mill, grinding 
different kinds of grain. 

In bringing this subject before the public, I 
conceive that my suggestions will be more readily 
understood by confining myself to a description 
of the manner of dressing, fitting up, etc., of a 
pair of mill-stones two feet in diameter, that size 
being the smallest I consider should be used for 
the purpose of grinding grain. Any party when 
selecting a small mill of this kind (ready fitted 
up) should choose one that is constructed in the 
simplest manner possible. If there is much 
machinery attached to it, it is apt to get out of 
order and want repairing, when the great diffi- 
culty is to find a miller or mechanic competent, 
in the country (where these mills are generally 
used), of repairing them ; therefore, they have to 
be sent to the. builder to be repaired, often costing 
as much as would purchase a new mill. Neither 
would I recommend a mill with a pressure on it ; 
if pressed hard, the friction being great, and the 



82 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

stones having a heavy feed, it will take more 
power to drive it than stones without the pres- 
sure twice as large ; whereas, larger stones will do 
more and better work, and be more profitable. 
Small mills will run better and more true with a 
belt or strap, as it takes off the jerks of the 
moving power ; neither should the running stone 
be too thick, as it will not run so well when top- 
heavy ; the weight should be as near the face as 
possible. When selecting the stones for a small 
mill, choose them of a sharp, keen grit, full of 
small natural pores, rather close and closely 
jointed. The manner of dressing a two feet 
stone and making it ready for grinding, is somewhat 
similar to that described for large stones, viz : first, 
bring the faces of the stones to a level and straight 
state, by picking off the higher parts, rubbing 
with burr blocks, using your painted staff to 
guide and correct you as you proceed ; and when 
straight lay out your furrows, viz : by fitting a 
board in the eye of the stone, and having found 
the centre with your compass — one point in that 
centre and set having one inch space — describe a 
circle round the centre on your board for the 
draft circle, and also another circle close to the 
verge of the stone. You then divide the latter 
into twelve equal parts or quarters, making a plain 
mark at each point ; then, with a furrow-stick one 
inch wide and perfectly straight, lay off the lead- 
ing furrows, one end of the stick being on the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 83 

outside of the draft circle, the other end at the 
point on the circle of the verge, marking the same 
with a quill having paint on it, on both sides of 
the furrow-stick ; the remainder of the furrows 
are marked off in a similar way. You next mark 
out the short furrows — that is, one only between 
each leading furrow, and in the middle of each 
quarter, intersecting the leaders ; this gives each 
stone twenty-four furrows. (The sands should be 
a little wider at the verge than at the eye, as they 
require more face.) Cut these furrows in, the 
backs of the furrows being cut straight, nearly 
one-fourth inch deep, tapering to the feather edge, 
which should be nearly even with the face of the 
stone ; the feather edge is nearest to the centre of the 
stone. The furrows should be made deeper at the 
eye of the running stone, to enable it to receive 
the grain the more readily, and they should be 
dressed smooth and even ; and the sands should 
be made a little hollow, about one inch from the 
eye of the running stone. 

I consider it unnecessary for me again to men- 
tion the manner of fitting the irons in the stones, 
that subject having been already described in this 
work, and to which reference should be made, nor 
to mention the manner of dressing the stones when 
they become dull, that also being before described, 
observing only that small millstones require to be 
oftener taken up and dressed than larger ones, to 
enable them to do their work well. These mat- 



84 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 

ters, then, being attended to, and care shown that 
the faces of the stones are smooth and even, the 
furrows kept straightly marked with the furrow- 
stick and dressed to their proper depth, the bed- 
stone level, the spindle being exactly in its centre, 
and the stones truly in trim, and the running stone 
well balanced, there is nothing to prevent the 
stones from grinding well, making good meal, and 
not taking much power to run them. 

I have thus endeavored to explain the manner 
of dressing, setting, etc., of the largest sized mill- 
stones in general use ; also the smallest. I ccya- 
sider it unnecessary to describe those of an inter- 
mediate size, as they may be dressed in the same 
manner and by the same rules as laid down for 
the others. All I think that is required is to give 
the size of the draft circle, the speed, and the 
number of quarters in each size, viz : for a four 
feet stone, four inches draft, twelve to thirteen 
quarters, having three furrows to the quarter, 
and speed of one hundred and eighty (180) to one 
hundred and ninety (190) revolutions per minute. 
For a three feet stone, three inches draft, ten 
quarters, and three furrows to the quarter, and to 
run from two hundred and thirty (230) to two 
hundred and forty (240) revolutions per minute. 

Corn meal can be sifted when grinding through 
a shaking sieve, viz: a frame made of wood, four 
or five feet long, one foot wide, and the middle 
filled with No. 14 wire ; the crank to shake the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 85 

sieve being one and a half inches in diameter. It 
may be driven from the mill spindle by putting a 
pulley on the spindle, and one on the shaft of the 
crank, and run with a belt ; the crank to run two 
hundred revolutions per minute. The shaker 
should lie on an incline, so that the bran will pass 
over the wire and fall at the end. 

Buckwheat may be sifted the same way, by 
having the frame or sieve covered with No. 40 wire. 



Of the manner of Packing Flour. 

To the owners of mills, I would recommend the 
flour to be run from the bolts into the binn, to get 
cool and well mixed. Then each barrel of flour 
will be equally alike. 

The best plan of barreling the flour is with 
an auger machine, as you can then grind all 
night and barrel all day, saving a great expense ; 
and it is a more expeditious way of packing than 
any other. I cannot recommend the rolling 
(wooden) packers for this reason : the flour comes 
damp and warm from the bolts, and is very likely 
to sour if kept any length of time. Whe^ the 
flour is pressed hard in the barrels, it being damp, 
has no vent, and thus the flour sours. If the flour 
be warm without being damp, it will keep a long 
time. There will always be a difference in the 
quality of the flour, if packed when coming 
8 



86 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

directly from the bolts, caused by the stopping 
and starting of the mill, and also by the different 
changes of wheat that you grind. 

If you have no augur machine, I would recom- 
mend it, anyhow, to be run in the binn ; mix it 
well, and pack it in the barrels with a shovel, 
which will, as I said before, render it all of one 
quality. 

My experience has proved that wheat or flour 
goes through a sweating process. If wheat be 
threshed out before stacking, and ground imme- 
diately, without going through this process, the 
flour, when ground and barreled, may be per- 
fectly white ; but on standing a short time will 
appear of a dark color, while the process of sweat- 
ing is going on ; it will afterward, however, return 
again to its original color. 

Flour barrels should be made of the best 
seasoned timber, to prevent the hoops from be- 
coming loose in shrinking, as well as the ad- 
hesion of the flour to the inside of the barrel. 

The barrels are generally made nineteen inches 
in diameter, at both ends, and twenty-seven inches 
in length, bound with ten hoops. After the pack- 
ing, additional hoops or linings are put inside the 
heads and nailed ; it takes thirty-six nails. They 
are then ready for shipping. 

Barrels, after being made, should be accurately 
weighed, and the weight marked thereon, so that 
the exact quantity of one hundred and ninety-six 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 87 

pounds of flour can be put in afterward. The 
operation of packing being done often in a hurry, 
it is requisite the barrels should be tested occasion- 
ally ; otherwise more than the proper weight of 
flour may be put in the barrel, thereby causing a 
great loss to the owner. 

The branding of flour requires great care ; for, 
if flour is poorly or badly branded, it very often 
injures its sale. This, although frequently done 
carelessly, without sufficient attention to its neat- 
ness, requires the miller's attention to see that the 
quality of the flour is equal to the brand it bears. 
This is an essential which every respectable mill 
should keep inviolate. 

A barrel of flour should weigh one hundred and 
ninety-six pounds, exclusive of the barrel. 



88 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



TABLE. 

Showing the number of pounds which constitute a bushel, as 

established by law, in the States therein named. 



ARTICLES. 



Wheat 

Corn, shelled 

Corn, on ear 

Oats 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Broom Corn seed 

White Beans 

Castor Beans 

Irish Potatoes 

Sweet Potatoes 

Turnips 

Onions , 

Top Onions , 

Peas 

Dried Peaches , 

Dried pared Peaches.. 

Dried Apples 

Corn Meal...o 

Bran 

Malt 

Orchard Grass seed.... 
Hungarian Grass seed. 

Hemp seed 

Flax seed 

Sucrum 

Osage Orange 

Stone Coal 

Charcoal 

Unslacked Lime 

Coke 

Coarse Salt 

Fine Salt 

Plastering Hair 

Clover seed 

Timothy seed 

Red Top seed 

Millet seed 

Buel Grass seed 



o 

W 
t— i 

> 

60 
56 
70 

32 
48 
56 
42 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
28 
60 
28 

28 

20 

38 

48 
44 
56 



GO 



14 



14 



60 
56 
68 
32 
48 
56 
50 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
28 
60 
33 

25 
50 

38 

48 
44 
56 



60 
56 
70 
32 
48 
56 
52 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
28 
60 
33 
40 
24 
48 
20 
38 
14 
48 
44 
56 
60 
33 
80 
22 
80 
40 
50 
55 
8 
60 
45 
14 
50 
14 



60 
56 
70 
32 
48 
56 
40 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
28 
60 
28 

28 
48 
20 
38 

48 
44 
56 



60 
56 
70 
33 
46 
56 
52 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
20 
60 
33 

24 

48 
20 
38 

48 
44 
56 



22 
80 

50 



60 
45 
14 

14 



60 
56 
70 
35 
48 
56 
52 
46 
60 
46 
60 
55 
55 
57 
28 
60 
33 

24 



60 
14 
14 



and engineer's guide. 89 



The Duty of the Miller. 

We will suppose that the mill, in all its various 
departments, is completely finished and ready for 
grinding, and supplied with a stock of grain, flour 
barrels, nails, brushes, picks, shovels, scales, 
weights, etc., when the millers enter upon their 
duty (properly speaking) ; I have therefore thought 
it both right and proper, in a work of this kind, to 
acid the following remarks, in order to show of 
what that duty consists. 

In a large mill, where three millers are em- 
ployed, there should be one head miller, to whom 
is entrusted the whole management of the mill, 
and who directs the other millers and work hands 
about the mill the work they have to do. The 
head miller should be at the mill early in the 
morning, and take charge of it during the day ; 
see that every part of the mill is doing its work 
properly before he leaves at night, and that there 
is sufficient wheat cleaned to last throughout the 
night, as the other millers, when on watch during 
the night time, should have nothing else to attend 
to but the grinding and bolting. In the day time, 
however, it is best to take up one pair of stones 
daily and have them dressed. The head miller 
can test the face of the stones with the staff, and 
give instructions to the other millers in which 
way he wishes them dressed ; while, in this manner, 



90 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

each of the other millers dresses a stone in his 
watch. The night is divided into two watches, 
the first of which ends at one o'clock in the morn- 
ing, and belongs to the second miller ; the third 
miller then takes the watch, and continues on till 
one o'clock in the day. 

When the mill has only two millers, one of 
these is called the head miller, being responsible 
for all the work done in the mill ; therefore, he 
should have full management of it, and his instruc- 
tions the second miller should observe attentively, 
and do the work accordingly. The head miller 
should, however, consult and be agreeable with his 
partner; thus they will work cheerfully and 
pleasantly together, each taking his watch, and 
having charge of the mill, time and time about. 

The miller should not be entirely governed by 
the mill owner as to the time the stones should be 
dressed, the owner often wishing them to run a 
long time without dressing, thereby losing no time 
in the working, but very, very often losing a great 
deal otherwise by spoiling the flour. A miller 
should, therefore, stipulate to have it in his power 
to take up the stones and dress them whenever he 
thinks they want it. 

The mill should be kept clean, as nothing looks 
much worse than a dirty mill. 

To make the machinery run easy and smooth, 
the cogs should be well greased with a mixture of 
black lead and tallow every day, and the gudgeons 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 91 

should be oiled once in each watch. A few drops 
of oil are better than pouring on a large quantity ; 
when a few drops only are applied, they stop 
there and serve for the purpose, whereas a large 
quantity runs off, is wasted, and creates dirt and 
filth. When a large gudgeon takes to heating, it 
is often stopped by laying a piece of rusty bacon 
on the top. The cause of the gudgeons heating is 
from the friction of the parts rubbing together, 
and the velocity with which they move. If grease 
will not stop their heating, cause a small quantity 
of water to drop on the gudgeon, but not so much 
as to destroy the polish made by the grease. 

If the owner of the mill is not a practical miller 
himself, yet he may form some idea of the capa- 
bility of the miller from examining the quality of 
flour made ; if it is white and free from specks, 
and the offal light and clean, he may feel satisfied 
that the mill is doing good work. 



Pearl Barley, or Pot Barley. 

Pot barley is barley of which the outer skin or 
husk has been removed ; pearl barley is the small 
round kernel that remains after the skin and a 
considerable portion of the barley has been ground 
off. -The mill consists of a common grindstone, 
four feet in diameter, thick, and perfectly sound ; 
such as Cutlers use ; or of stones that come from 



92 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Germany, of a darkish color, and which are used 
by a great many for this purpose. "Where these 
German stones are used, they should be dressed 
with small ribs or sands on each side, and the 
same on the edge, which is not necessary for the 
common grindstone. A hole is cut in the centre 
a little larger than the shaft, to give room to hang 
it correctly. It should have two iron flanges, one 
on each side the stone, having four prongs each, 
with holes for bolts to fasten the stone, the prongs 
to be ten or twelve inches long each, to be let in 
the stone even with the face, and holes drilled 
through the stone for the bolts to go through the 
flanges and stone to make it fast, the flanges 
wedged tight to the shaft. It should revolve 
vertically on a horizontal shaft; the case revolves 
on the same axis in the same direction, but with a 
slower motion. The flat side of this case, as well 
as the rim or circumference, is made of perforated 
plates of sheet-iron. The barley is let in by a 
square opening in the circumference, when, the 
slide being shut, the machinery is set in motion 
until the barley is tossed between the stone and 
the case by the double motion, and has been en- 
tirely deprived of its skin, and is become pot 
barley ; or till it is ground into the small round 
shape of pearl barley. 

The mill is then stopped, the slide pulled, and 
the case turned so that the opening will be under- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 93 

neath, and the prepared barley falls into the bag 
or box placed to receive it. 

It don't want much sifting, for such is the 
violence with which the grain has been tossed 
about, nearly all that is ground off is driven 
through the holes in the case, and collected in a 
closed chamber that surrounds the apparatus. The 
stone should revolve five or six hundred times per 
minute ; the case to revolve once for every twenty 
times of the stone. The mechanism by which 
the stone and the case are moved is extremely 
simple. Hominy can be made from the same 
machine. 

Pearl barley is very wholesome and nutritious, 
and has a very agreeable taste. It is generally 
used among soups ; or, in case of sickness, it is a 
light, nutritious, and agreeable food. 



The Art of Distillation. 

The principle on which this art is founded, is 
evaporation and condensation. I will give some 
instructions for a small country distillery, given 
to me by a practical distiller, who has followed 
the business for a number of years. 

First, there should be two stills and a doubler — ■ 
the former holding one hundred and twenty gal- 
lons each, and the latter forty gallons. These 



94 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

should be made of white pine plank, two inclies 
thick, hooped with strong iron hoops, to be placed 
in such a position that the liquid can be run from 
the doubler, or uppermost still, into the next one 
below ; and from that to the third or lowermost 
one ; then to the hog trough. Also a worm made 
of copper, five or six coils two inches in diameter, 
placed in a tub, near the doubler, with plenty of 
cold water running in the tub to keep it cool; the 
worm to be connected with the doubler by having 
a small iron boiler, eighteen inches in diameter 
and six feet long, set in the ordinary way. Steam 
can be sent into the lowermost still, which will 
soon boil ; the steam from this will boil the next ; 
this, again, will boil the doubler, and from that the 
steam will pass into the worm, where it is con- 
densed with the cold, and runs out whiskey. This 
distil] ery is calculated to run off at one time only 
one bushel of corn meal, and its quantity of malt 
will be when made into wort. The distiller can 
use as many tubs as he thinks necessary. The 
common way of mashing is to take a quantity of 
the spent wort from the still and put in the meal, 
at the same time stirring it well to keep it from 
running to lumps, adding the wort and the meal 
until the quantity of meal is well mixed and 
scalded ; then sprinkle on the top, half a gallon 
of ground malt, and let it stand a few days ; then 
fill up with cold water, at the same time stirring 



AND engineer's guide. 95 

the mash, and mixing it well; after which fer- 
mentation will soon begin (the heat ought to be 
between sixty and seventy degrees), which will 
last about four or five days, and then will be ready 
to run. The above is the common or sour mash. 
Some use the sweet mash, which is more speedy. 
It is made by using boiling water instead of the 
spirit wort, then filling up with cold water di- 
rectly ; and when at about sixty or seventy de- 
grees of heat, add yeast sufficient to start the fer- 
mentation. This process requires fewer tubs than 
the other. When the tub is ready to run off, 
which will be easily understood by the distiller, 
it is put into the second still, and run until it will 
no longer carry a bead ; then the steam is shut 
off, and the wort that was put into the second 
still is let off into the first, and the second still 
again filled with fresh wort, and as before, put a 
small quantity of water into the doubler. Now 
let the steam into the first still, and it will drive 
what alcohol there was left before into the second 
still, and from that to the doubler, which being 
connected with the worm, produces whiskey. 
The strength will be all gone from the first still, 
when the residue may be run into the hog 
trough. This process should be repeated until all 
the tubs are run off. After it is too low for proof 
whiskey, the balance can be run off, which is 
called low wines; and in commencing this, the 
low wines are put in the doubler instead of water 



96 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the second still bekig filled with wort, etc., as 
before. 

The whiskey may be rectified by passing it 
through a tub whose bottom is perforated with 
small holes, and held up with blocks of wood two 
inches high, and covered with a blanket ; then a 
layer of ground charcoal two inches deep ; then 
cover again with a blanket and ground charcoal 
several times — the blankets and charcoal alter- 
nately. Pour your whiskey on the top of this, and 
let it filter through. 

The coloring of whiskey is done with burnt 
sugar. 



Of the importance of Draughting and 
Planning Mills. 

I would recommend before building a mill, to 
have a correct plan drawn on paper, showing the 
size of the building, and the way in which every 
part of the machinery is to be placed. 

The use of draughting mills to build by, is to 
convey our ideas more plainly than is possible by 
writing or speaking alone; these may be miscon- 
strued or forgotten. But a well drawn draught 
speaks for itself, if once perfectly understood by 
the workman; who, by applying his dividers 
to the draught and to the scale, finds the length, 
breadth, or height of the whole building, or the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 97 

dimensions of any piece, and where it is to be 
placed. 

By the draught the quantity of timber can be 
ascertained and made out. It should also show 
every wheel, shaft, and machine, and their places, 
thus finding whether the house is of sufficient 
size to contain all the works necessary to carry on 
the business. The builder, or owner, understand- 
ing the plan, proceeds without error, and can di- 
rect the mason and the carpenter where to put the 
doors, windows, and leave other openings, in the 
places where they are requisite ; whereas, if there 
be no plan of the building, every thing goes on 
as it were, in the dark, much time is lost, and 
errors committed, entailing, in some cases, a heavy 
loss. Every master builder at least, should know 
the proper way to draw a plan, and give a true 
estimate of the cost, as well as working by it. 

If the plan of the mill is correctly drawn the 
estimate of the whole cost can be ascertained ; then 
may every species of the materials be contracted 
for to be delivered in due time; the work can 
then be carried on more regularly without disap- 
pointment, and when done is more complete, with 
a considerable sum of money saved. 

The evils or disadvantages of building a mill 
without having a plan or draught to work by, are, 
that the machinery in the mill is badly constructed, 
the timbers are cut to waste, the machinery placed 
at different parts of the mill-house in various 



98 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

positions, taking up more room than necessary, 
and extra wheels to drive. It frequently occurs 
that some parts have to be altered, or new ones 
put in, before the mill will do good work With 
these considerations, any reflecting mind can per- 
ceive that the most expensive mill is that which 
is built without a plan. My own impression is 
that the cost is nearly one-third more ; besides, the 
mill in general is not so good. 

It often seems that those who have but little 
experience in the milling business, frequently 
have the best and most complete mills. The 
reasons are, because the professional man is 
bigoted in his old opinions, relying from practice 
on his judgment and his own plans. It is better, 
therefore, to advise *with good and practical me- 
chanics, and get from them what they consider 
the best manner in which a mill should be built. 
They are seldom unwilling to impart this informa- 
tion, and there is no one but can glean something, 
even from a bad workman. A merchant who 
knows but little of the miller's art, or of the 
structure or mechanism of mills, }^et is about to 
engage in milling, should naturally be led to take 
the following steps : he should, with experienced 
millers or millwrights, view the site of the mill, 
and get their opinion with respect to the proper 
and best place for the mill-house to stand. When 
they have decided on this, he shows them the 
plan or draught of the mill, inquiring if that will 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 99 

suit such a site, or if there is any deficiency, and 
to point it out. If there be any alterations neces- 
sary the millwright . can soon perceive it ; and if 
he can give sufficient and substantial reason for 
their adoption, can make such as are requisite. 

I would recommend millwrights, when building 
flour mills, carefully to select a practical and ex- 
perienced miller to superintend the dressing and 
fitting up of millstones. If this — which I con- 
sider one of the principal parts of milling — is not 
properly done, the stones are certain to make bad 
work, and make the machinery run irregular. 
The miller will lay the whole blame on the mill- 
wright, giving him considerable trouble, besides 
injuring his character as a mechanic, and making 
unnecessary expense, with loss of time. 



Cogs: — The Best Time for Seasoning and 
Cutting them. 

The best time for cutting cogs is when the 
sap runs at its fullest. They should always be 
cut of a size larger than is necessary in use, to 
admit of their shrinking in the seasoning. If cut 
when the bark is set, they are apt to be worm- 
eaten, and in every case, if dried hastily, will 
crack. It is better to have them cut a long time 
before being used. If you have not any seasoned 
wood on hand you can dry your cogs in the fol- 



100 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

lowing manner, viz : boil or steam them first ; 
then put them in a kiln, covered so as to keep the 
smoke amongst them, in the same way that boards, 
scantling, and other timbers are dried ; dig a hole 
in the side of a hill, about six feet deep and six 
feet wide, with a post in each corner, and plates 
on them, on which lay laths on edge, and put the 
coggs on these laths, setting them on end nearly 
perpendicular, and so that the smoke can pass 
freely through or amongst them ; cover them 
slightly with boards, putting earth on the top of 
the boards ; make a slow fire, and close up the 
sides to keep the smoke from escaping. Renew 
this fire once a day for ten or fifteen days, until 
they are perfectly dry. When taken out let them 
be kept in a dry place for some time before using ; 
they will then be less liable to crack in working. 
If used before they are perfectly dry, they will be 
sure to shrink and become loose. The taking out 
of loose cogs and fitting in pieces with them 
again — as is often done — cannot be too highly 
censured. It altogether alters the pitch, and makes 
the machinery run badly, and the cogs themselves 
soon wear out. 

The best kinds of timber that we find in this 
country for cogs, are hickory, maple, and sugar 
tree. Get some timber that is hard and tough, 
and has a fine grain. If the said timber is not 
well seasoned, I would always recommend the logs 
to be taken immediately to a saw-mill, and have 



and engineer's guide. 101 

tli em cut into plank the thickness you want them, 
always keeping enough by you for any emergency, 
as they take but little room. If they are season- 
ing for seven or eight years they are so much the 
better ; for when seasoned that length of time, if 
they are fitted properly in the wheel, they will 
last two sets of others that are not so well seasoned, 
and will run better, as they will not get loose in 
the mortice; besides, if you should want to dis- 
pose of them, you can get a great deal more than 
their first cost. 

Above all things, it cannot be too highly im- 
pressed on the mill owner the necessity of having 
the most experienced workmen -in laying off the 
dressing and fitting the cogs ; the reverse bring- 
ing its own punishment in the quick wearing out 
of the cogs themselves, the disarrangement of 
other parts of the machinery, and consequently 
the inferior grinding of the flour. 

When stepping off the cogs the millwright 
should be caref ul to have them divided evenly and 
alike ; that is, the starting point when stept round 
with the compass should be exactly in the point 
you started from ; if there is any variation they 
will never run true, as the cogs are formed from 

this point. 
9* 



c i 



102 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



The Framing of Mill Work. 

When the framing of the mill and parts that 
carry the machinery is not well bound and firm, 
a vibratory motion in its parts takes place, which 
expends a considerable portion of the power applied. 
(This loss of power is but seldom noticed.) I 
would observe that firm and well bound framing 
is preferable to heavy framing not so well con- 
nected in its parts. 

Framing in any part of a mill should be done 
sufficiently strong, stiff, and heavy, to give it 
solidity and steadiness from the machinery and its 
motion, which occasions a tremor in all parts of 
the framing. The framing also requires to be 
constructed so as to be easy of repair, and so 
arranged that any particular part or piece can be 
renewed or repaired with the least possible de- 
rangement to the other parts of the framing. It 
demands great attention, as the shafts often require 
to be restored to their true situations, from which 
they have deviated by the sinking of the mill- 
house or wearing of the parts ; therefore, the por- 
tions of the framing adjoining these parts should 
be so constructed that the shaft may be moved in 
any way, or made true without having any un- 
necessary obstruction. Although the framing 
which supports the mill-house and machinery 
should be made firm, yet the part on which the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 103 

axis rests should have a small degree 01 play, or 
elastic tremor, when the machinery is in motion, 
as it diminishes part of the friction. The framing, 
again, that supports the machinery, should be as 
independent as possible of the building, as com- 
municating with the building is injurious. 

It is acknowledged by practical mechanics, and 
has been tested, that a cast-iron shaft, of large 
dimensions, with a core or hollow in its centre, is 
stronger than one without it. This no doubt 
arises from the fact that the case affords a sensible 
spring, in case of a sudden strain, and is therefore 
less liable to fracture. 

It is necessary when building a mill-house to 
have it at least four stories, or as high as the situ- 
ation will admit, as then the machinery can be 
placed to the best advantage, and the expense of 
machinery will be reduced. It will also take up 
less room, and can be placed in its proper place 
so as to be easily altered if required, and giving 
room for grain, flour, &c, &c. 

It is also necessary that the beams and joists 
should be made strong. For instance, a joist or 
beam sixteen feet in length should be made four 
times as strong as one eight feet in length, simi- 
larly situated, as the stress increases in the middle 
when it has its supports from the ends. It there- 
fore follows that a beam should be strengthened 
in the middle in proportion to the strain of weight 
that is to be put upon it. There should be a 



104 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT. 

perpendicular post set under it sufficient for such 
weight. 

The husk-frame for the mill-stones to lie on is 
one of the most particular parts, and requires the 
best of mechanics to set the work properly. If 
this is not correctly done, there certainly will be 
vibration in it, which will disarrange the rest of 
the machinery, and cause the whole to run badly, 
besides taking considerably more power. 

The top of the husk-frame should project at 
least eighteen inches above the floor, as it will be 
better for putting in the spouts from the stones, 
besides giving the miller a better chance of feel- 
ing the meal and setting the stones. 

I would recommend the husk-frame to be made 
of cast-iron, as they are preferable to those con- 
structed of timber, on account of being more 
durable, and not so likely to vibrate. 

These qualities will fully compensate for the 
additional expense over those made of timber. 



Wind Mills. 

Wind mills are so seldom used in this country, 
I think it unnecessary to give more than a few 
hints respecting them. Were it not for the irregu- 
larity in direction and force of the wind, it would 
be the most convenient of all the first movers of 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 105 

machinery. But even as it is, its efficacy may be 
taken advantage of in some cases. 

There are so many various kinds of wind mills 
constructed, that if all were treated upon in their 
proper manner, it would take up too much time 
and space in this work. I therefore think it only 
necessary to make a few remarks respecting the 
common vertical wind mill. But I must say, in 
the first place, that they are not profitable in this 
country, where other power is to be obtained, for 
the reason that the wind being so irregular 
the mill is sometimes even in danger of being 
blown down, or the sails carried away ; at other 
times again there is not sufficient wind for weeks 
to drive the mill. 

Wind mills are so constructed that the sails will 
move nearly vertical. These sails communicate 
motion to the wind-shaft and the break-wheel; 
also to the centre wheel that conveys the same 
motion along the upright shaft to the spur-wheel— 
a pinion or trundle which propels the stones. 
The sails require to be made so that the wind 
will have the greatest possible effect on them. 
The wind does not act perpendicularly on the 
sails of a wind mill, but at a certain angle, as the 
sail varies in its degree of inclination at different 
•distances from the centre of motion, in re- 
semblance .to the wing of a bird ; this is called 
weathering of the sail. The proper angle of a sail 
is as follows, the radius being divided into six equal 



Angle with the plane 
of motion. 


. 18° 


00' 


. .19° 


00' 


. 18° 


00' 


. .16° 


00' 


. 12° 


30' 


. . 7° 


00' 



106 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

parts, the first part from the centre being called 
one, the last six — thus: 



Distance from the centre. Angle with the axis. 

1 .... 72° 00' . 

2 71° 00' . , 

3 .... 72° 00' . 

4 74° 00' . . 

5 . . . . 77° 30' . 
6 83° 00' . 



The velocity of the wind mill sails, whether 
loaded or unloaded, so as to produce a maximum, 
is nearly as the velocity of the wind, their shape 
and motion being the same. The length of the 
whip or sail is measured from the centre of the 
great shaft to the undermost bars. The backs for 
straightening and carrying the sails should be 
made of the best of timber, to be free from knots. 
These are mostly made of pine or oak. The 
sail is fastened to this back with strong iron screw- 
bolts. If the sails are thirty feet each in length, 
the backs should then be forty feet in length, or 
two thirds of the sails. The back is made as 
thick and wide at the middle as will fit the mor- 
tice in the wind shaft, and tapering gradually from 
the middle to the ends of the wind shaft. It re- 
quires a practical mechanic to give it the proper 
bearing on the neck and journal. If this is not 
done, and the shaft given its proper incline, it will 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 107 

take more power. The proper inclination they 
should have must be left to the workman ; as it 
varies in different sites from the weight of the 
wheel and sails, the length of shaft, &c. The 
general rule is to give them from one to two 
inches to the foot of fall. 

The head of the shaft should be set a little to 
the windward, as the cloths will then keep close 
to the sails without flapping about. If the wind- 
shaft is made of wood, the neck should be turned 
even and true; and a sufficient number of ribs, 
which are made of steel, let in the neck even with 
it, and of the same circle ; if this is not correct, 
there will be a loss of power. 

The weight of the wind or sail shaft is borne 
on a strong timber, having a brass box placed in 
it to receive its weight. This is fixed stationary, 
so that it will not move when running. This 
brass box should reach one third round the cir- 
cumference of the neck. The other end of the 
shaft gudgeon runs in a brass box. The break 
for stopping the mill is hung round the large 
uppermost wheel, and should be placed so that 
the wheel will be free from rubbing against it 
when running. One end is fixed stationary ; the 
other end is made fast to a lever, with a rope and 
pulleys attached to it, so as to raise the break 
when running, or lower it so that it will rub on 
the break of the wheel to stop it. The wind shaft 
of a wind mill, when the wind's velocity is two 



108 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

miles an hour, will make three revolutions per 
minute. 

Supposing the radius of the sails to be thirty 
feet, the sails will commence at .one sixth or five 
feet from the axis, where the angle of inclination 
will be seventy-two degrees at one third or ten 
feet from the axis, the angles will be seventy-one 
degrees, and so on as in the table. 

A wind mill with four sails, measuring seventy- 
two feet from the extremity of one sail to that of 
the opposite one, and six feet seven inches wide, 
is capable of raising one thousand pounds avoir- 
dupois 'two hundred and thirty feet in a minute. 
When a wind mill is grinding grain, the mill- 
stones should make five revolutions in. the same 
time that the sails make one. The sails will not 
begin to turn till the velocity of the wind is about 
twelve feet per second. 



A Table of the Velocity of Wind. 

Character. Feet per second. Pressure per square 

^ foot in pounds. 

Scarcely sensible, . . 1.5 . . . .005 

Gentle wind, .... 3 123 

Moderate breeze, . . 6 ... .133 

Brisk breeze, . . . . 18 . . . . 1.21 
Good breeze, .... 22 . . . 2.85 

Brisk gale, 30 ... . 4.42 

High wind, .... 45 ... . 9.96 
Very high wind, ... 60 ... . 17.71 

Storm, 70-90 . . 30.49 

Hurricane, 100 or more 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 109 

The velocity of the wind in a gale is often 
as high as forty or sixty miles per hour, 
with a pressure on the sails equal to fourteen or 
twenty pounds per foot. It is necessary there 
should be a governor attached to every wind mill, ' 
to regulate the speed of the mill-stones. A 
description of the governor, which is the same as 
recommended for steam and water mills, will be. 
found in a subsequent part of this work. It is 
placed in a position a short distance from the mill 
spindle, and driven with a strap and pulleys from 
the mill spindle. A rod of iron runs through the 
end of the bridge-tree, which hangs on the steel- 
yard beam, so that when the governor balls rise 
or fall, they raise or lower the running stone. It 
is necessary to have them work correctly, so that 
when the stones are set correctly to do their work, 
they will not. vary in their grinding as the wind 
varies. The feeding shoe requires to be made 
lengthy, and the damsel made to strike the shoe 
properly, so that the feed may be regulated as 
the speed varies. 

In building a wind mill, I would recommmend 
those having the self-acting sails. These sails are 
made nearly similar to the others, except the can- 
vas covering, which is of small boards, and some- 
what similar to window blinds. The wind, there- 
fore, regulates them by acting on a governor, which 
regulates the sails as the wind varies, by opening 
or shutting the blinds or wind-boards, as these 
10 



110 THE MILLEB, MILLWRIGHT 

boards are made so that when there is too much 
wind they will open and let it pass through them; 
or, if there is not so much wind, they will shut so 
that none can pass through. 

There should be machinery attached for turning 
the cap or roof round, so that the sails will always 
be at right angles to the wind. On the spindle 
a director is placed — an endless screw> working 
in a wheel which turns a shaft having a pinion 
fixed at the other end of it. This pinion works 
into the segment wheel, or cogs, round the 
segment. The director is a small wheel, placed 
behind the mill, so that the wind acts on it to 
keep the sails properly in the wind. It is neces- 
sary for the mill-stones to be of a large diameter 
in a wind mill, in consequence of the wind being 
irregular, as they will grind a larger quantity of 
grain; besides, when the wind is blowing hard, 
the mill is more easily stopped by lowering the 
stone and giving it more feed. The best sized 
mill-stone that I would recommend is five feet. 

The wind mill is used to advantage on the bank 
of a large lake, or near the sea, the wind being 
more certain. In most parts of Europe, it is one 
of the principal mills for manufacturing flour; 
and I believe on large prairies they would answer 
a good purpose if properly built. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. Ill 

Instructions for Baking. 

This branch, though not properly belonging to 
the milling business, is often connected with it, 
and when the mill is in a suitable place, is profit- 
able in the highest degree to the mill owner — 

o o 

consuming his own flour, saving the expense of 
shipping, commission, etc., thereby taking less 
capital. These considerations have induced me 
to offer these few remarks on the subject, in the 
hope that it may prove beneficial. 
f In the first place, I shall give the receipt for 
making yeast, as used by most bakers in this 
country, and called hop yeast. Boil five gallons 
of water and ten ounces of hops together from ten 
to fifteen minutes ; put six pounds of flour in a 
tub, to which add as much of the boiling liquor 
as will be necessary to make into a thick paste. 
When the remainder of the liquor is perfectly 
cool, add it, together with a gallon of stock yeast, 
to the paste, when the whole will be ready for 
use. 

Secondly : A receipt for making another kind 
of yeast, sometimes used, and called malt yeast : 
Boil ten ounces of hops in five gallons of water, 
from ten to fifteen minutes ; pour the same into a 
tub. When cooled to seventy degrees, Fahrenheit 
thermometer, add a half peck of malt; stir the 
whole up well, and cover it until nearly cool ; 



112 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

when add three quarts of old yeast, to make it 
ferment. 

And thirdly : The quantities and best manner 
of mixing the different ingredients necessary to 
make good bread, viz : to make the fermentation, 
say for ten buckets of flour, take five gallons of 
potatoes well boiled and mashed in a tub, with 
one bucket of water, (in summer this water should 
be about milk warm — in winter, much warmer — 
in all cases this must be governed by the weather,) 
six pounds of flour and five quarts of yeast ; stir 
the whole up well, and cover it up until it rises. 
It is better to work the same as soon as it does 
rise and commences falling again ; otherwise, the 
bread will not be so good. The time of rising, 
however, varies much ; sometimes it will rise in 
eight hours, at other times it will take much 
longer. Again, to make the sponge : Take two 
and one half buckets of the above ferment, and 
two and one half buckets of water, milk warm, 
run the whole through a sieve into a trough, and 
make it into light dough, with flour for sponge. 
When this sponge has risen and commenced fall- 
ing, add five pounds of salt and five buckets of 
water ; break the sponge well in the water, and 
stir up sufficient flour to make a stiff dough, 
cover it up until it rises sufficiently ; it is then fit 
for being weighed off and put into the tins for 
baking. Let it stand in the tins until it rises, 
when it should be placed in the oven. 



and engineer's guide. 113 

Eeceipt for making Babbitt Metal, etc. 

Take eight pounds of block tin, two pounds of 
antimony, one pound of copper; (a larger or 
smaller quantity can be used ; taking care, how- 
ever, to use the same proportions of each, as here 
given;) these to be melted and mixed together 
over a hot fire. If the metal be too hard it may 
be softened by adding some lead. I have no 
doubt but this metal can be bought for less than 
you can make it ; but you seldom can get any to 
purchase but what is of an inferior quality ; in 
fact I would not recommend it. If made according 
to the receipt given above, I can recommend it as 
one of the best alloys that can be used for ma- 
chinery running fast, it being of an oily nature, 
and not likely to heat, the friction being less than 
with any other alloy or metal. Journals will run 
on it, making two thousand revolutions per minute 
without heating. When making it, it is better to 
make a quantity that will last some time ; for as it 
is wanted it can be melted over again. 



Cement. 



Cement for joining flanges of iron, cylinders or 
pipes, to withstand the action of boiling water or 
steam. Great inconvenience is felt by the work- 
men for want of a durable cement. The following 
I think will answer : boiled linseed oil, litharge, 
10* 



114 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

and white lead, mixed up to a proper consistence, 
and applied to each side of a piece of flannel, 
linen, or pasteboard, and then placed between the 
pieces before they are brought home or jointed. 

Cement for the joints of a steam engine is made 
as follows: take of sal ammoniac, two ounces; 
sublimated sulphur, one ounce, and cast-iron 
filings or turnings, one pound; mix them in a 
mortar, and keep the powder dry. When it is to 
be used, mix it with twenty times its quantity of 
clean iron filings or turnings, and grind the whole 
well in a mortar ; then wet it with water until it 
becomes of a convenient consistence, when it is to 
be applied to the joint. After a short time it 
becomes as hard and strong as any other part of 
the metal. Another way is with a mixture of white 
paint with red lead spread on canvass or woolen 
cloth, and placed between the joints ; this is best 
where the joints have often to be separateed. 



Solders. 

For soldering lead pipes, etc., melt one part of 
block tin, according to the quantity wanted ; and 
when in a state of fusion add two parts of lead. 
If a small quantity of this when melted, is poured 
out upon the table, there will if it be good, arise 
little bright stars upon it. Eosin should be used 
with this solder. 

To make solder, for tin, take four parts of 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 115 

pewter, one of tin, one of bismuth, melt them 
together, and run them into thin slips. Eosin is 
used with this when soldering. 

For soldering iron: some good tough brass, 
with a little borax cement for stopping up holes 
in wood ; melt in a pan one pound of rosin ; when 
melted, add one fourth of a pound of pitch, and 
two ounces of shellac ; while these are boiling, add 
brick dust, until by dropping a little on a cold 
stone, you think it hard enough. In winter it is 
sometimes necessary to add a little tallow. 

To stop up the joints or large holes in the mill- 
stones: this is done with alum, melted, mixing 
burr sand with it. If the hole is large, put some 
pieces of burr mill-stones in it first, and pour in 
melted alum. I would recommend if there are 
any large holes or soft rotten places in the mill- 
stone, to cut them out and fix or fit pieces of burr 
blocks in to correspond with the temper and quality 
of the stone. These pieces of block should be 
cut exactly to fit, that there may be small joints, 
and fastened with plaster of Paris. These holes 
should be cut at least four inches deep ; there is 
then no danger of them getting loose. It often 
occurs that the blocks put in a mill-stone are 
uneven — some being hard, others soft. When 
this is the case they are difficult to keep in the 
face. When there are one or two uneven blocks 
in a mill-stone, I would recommend that they 
should be taken out, and other blocks put in their 



116 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



places, of the same texture as the remainder of the 
stones. This is easy to accomplish, and the stones 
made even and to work well. Mill-stones are 
often condemned as worthless, when one block re- 
moved would remedy the difficulty. 

TABLE. 

Slioiving the product of a bushel of wheat of different weights and qualities, as 
ascertained from experiments in grinding parcels. 







r. 






p 






<D 




P 






GO 






P 




•a 

a 


sri 




o 
9 p 


•-_• 




<D 


a 


■*a 


SB 


n3 
P 


rt ;p 

oo^ 


o 


Quality of the grain. 


| 


g 

<D 


3 

o 


02 


50 

U 

o 


So.id 

•I- 


P4 




► 


m 


'3 




£ 


u 
a 






LBS. 
61 


LBS. 


LBS. 


LBS. 


LBS. 


LBS. 


LBS. 




43 


5 


3 


6 


4 


61 


White wheat, clean. 


60 


42 


5 


. 3 


6 


r 4 


60 


Do. do. do. 


60 


39 


4 


3 


7 


7 


60 


Red wheat, not well cleaned. 


55 


38 


4 


3 


6 


4 


55 


White wheat, very clean. 


53 


35 


4 ' 


3 


7 


4 


53 


Red wheat, well cleaned. 

Do. with some cockles and 


57 


35 


4 


3 


7 


8 


57 


light grains. 


51 


31 


3 


4 


7 


6 


51 


Do. very clean. 



I have given in the foregoing table the quantity 
of extra superfine flour that can be made out of 
a bushel of wheat. In grinding wheat for ex- 
portation, the custom is to take as much flour out 
of it as possible, provided it passes inspection ; in 
this case there is more flour made out of the 
bushel than laid down in the table, the flour not 
being so good. If, however, a complete separation 
of the skin of the wheat from the flour could be 
effected, and the flour be reduced to a sufficient 
degree of fineness, you may allow two pounds of 



axd engineer's guide. 117 

flour more to the bushel than is laid down in the 
table. When the wheat that is to be ground is 
damp and soft, it is impossible to make as much 
flour out of the same quantity as you could out 
of dry wheat; the bran will be thicker, as the 
flour will adhere to it. The flour will appear 
whiter, but will not keep so long, nor make as 
good bread ; and when kept long will sour in the 
barrel, and often will have small worms in it. To 
make a barrel of extra superfine flour, it requires 
nearly five bushels of good wheat, without putting 
in the middlings. It may be made out of a little 
less when the stones are in a true and even face ; 
and often (as I before remarked), when for ex- 
portation, is made from four and one half bushels, 
and sometimes from less. There is, however, a 
great difference in wheat; the skin of some is 
thick and hard — others soft and thin ; this will 
show when separated from the flour. We are 
certain that the bran will not make good flour ; 
therefore, when wheat is thin skinned, it will pro- 
duce the most flour. Often the inside of wheat 
will be of a dark color, which will not yield as 
white flour; therefore, great care is required in 
the purchasing of wheat, if good flour is wanted. 
In my experience millers will run on extremes 
in grinding different grades of flour ; some setting 
the mill-stones too high, others too close; the 
middle way between the two I would prefer. 
When ground too close for making a yield, as it 



118 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

is termed, the yield^will be deficient; the flour 
being heated and sticking to the offal, so that the 
machinery will not cleanse it, besides making 
more middlings — they being of a soft, greasy 
nature, and will not feed, choking up the eye of the 
stone, and giving the miller extra trouble. When 
ground too high it bolts too free, making the flour 
too specky. I know it is very difficult to persuade 
most millers to alter their mode of grinding, in 
the way they have been accustomed to ; still, I 
think, a few plain hints to a great many will not 
be amiss. 

I would recommend when grinding wheat for 
private families to grind it a little higher than for 
shipping or for the baker ; as the greatest com- 
plaint I always found with private families was, 
its not rising when made into bread. We all 
know the baker works the flour into bread quite 
different from private families. 

By his process he can make almost any flour 
rise when manufactured into bread. 

The different varieties of wheat require to be 
considered in the profits of millers, as the yield 
of flour of each is as the different samples. That 
sample of wheat which weighs heaviest does not 
always make the most flour, as is also sometimes 
the case with the first crop raised on new ground, 
of which when ground the offal will be thick and 
heavier than that raised on old ground. My ex- 
perience of most of the wheat called Mediter- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 119 

ranean is that it weighs as much as most sam- 
ples. I believe, however, that most of it is not 
profitable for the miller to purchase, for the reason 
the quantity or quality cannot be made. It is of a 
coarse, hard nature, difficult to grind ; it always 
bolts too free; the flour becomes too specky; 
besides, the inside of the wheat is of a dark color, 
and making an extra brand of flour is almost im- 
possible. I have seen some good Mediterranean, 
but they are few, and would not recommend any 
for making a choice brand of flour 



Of Saw Mills and their Management. 

These being often attached to the grist and 
flouring mill, it is requisite some mention should 
be made of them. Not having much experience 
in this branch of business myself, I have consulted 
with several practical millwrights and sawyers, 
and the information I have gained from them, I 
here subjoin for the benefit of others. 

Supposing the mill built and ready for work 
before the sawyers enter upon their duties. The 
mill should be supplied with all the necessary 
tools to work with, namely : a cart hook, for 
rolling on the logs ; two iron cross bars, to move 
the log on the carraige ; two axes ; a saw set ; 
two small dogs, to hold the plank in its place 
while sawing ; one dozen of sixteen inch saw 
files, and a chest of tools to repair the mill when 



120 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

required. The sawyer, before starting the mill, 
should prove every part, to see that it is set true 
and in its proper place. First prove and make 
the fender-post plumb every way ; the fender-post 
is where the saw gate works in. It is better to 
have iron slides on the fender-post ; these to be 
about three or four feet in length, and to be fast- 
ened on the fender-post for the jaws of the gate to 
work in, and set true and even ; the jaws to work 
even on the slides, and screwed sufficiently fast to 
keep the gate or saw steady. The head-block, on 
which the log is to lie, on level, put the saw in 
the middle of the gate, measuring from the out- 
side ; set it by the gate, and not with the plumb- 
line, with the teeth at the top of saw projecting 
three quarters of an inch farther forward than at 
the bottom, as this will give the saw liberty to 
rise without cutting, the log-room to push forward 
as it rises. The saw is fastened in the gate by two 
irons in the form of staples, the uppermost one 
having nuts and screws on the top of the gate. 
The saw is stretched tightly by these screws, 
which should be nearer the teeth than the back of 
the saw, that it may be stiffest there. To prove 
that the saw is hung true, run the carriage forward, 
so that the saw will strike the head block ; stick 
up a nail there, run it back its full length, stand 
behind the saw, set it exact to the mark again, set it 
in motion, hold a tool close to one side of it, and ob- 
serve whether it touches equally the whole length 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 121 

o' the stroke; if not, it should be altered, or the 
lumber will not be square cut. 

The length of the saw that is generally used is 
seven and a half feet and seven inches wide, when 
new. There are, however, other various sizes made, 
but I would not recommend one less than seven 
and a half feet, for the reason that it will cut a 
larger quantity of timber and larger logs. The 
sharpening or setting of the saw is done as follows : 
The teeth should be kept straight, and not suffered 
so wear hollow ; this is done with a true, straight 
edge. When the points of the teeth are made 
Straight, they should be cut of equal size and 
depth ; to do which, lay the straight edge on the 
blade of the saw, and make a plain mark on the 
blade with a cold chisel, even with the straight 
edge, the whole length of the saw, and cut out 
each tooth to be of the same size and length (they 
should be from one and a half to two inches long; 
to enable them to clear themselves in the log) ; 
this is done with a sharp, cold chisel, tlje saw 
lying on a blacksmith's anvil. Then set the teeth 
a little wider than the blade, to prevent it binding 
in the log ; commence with the uppermost tooth, 
and with the set bind it a little to one side, missing 
every alternate tooth, the length of the saw ; these 
are to be set to the same side. You then set the 
remaining missed teeth to the opposite side, the 
same distance as the first. 

They next want to be filed even and sharp. 
11 



122 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

In doing this, the wider part of the teeth should 
be made to slope up a little, the teeth made sharp ; 
the outer corners of each tooth should be a little 
the longest. It is a bad practice to file the under 
side of the teeth level or drooping down ; when 
this is done, the saw never runs so steadily, and is 
apt to wood too much. The crank, to do good 
work, should be fourteen inches from the centre 
of the neck to the centre of the rest or handle, 
which is five inches long to the key-hole, and two 
and a half or two inches thick ; this should run, 
when the mill is at full speed, one hundred and 
thirty revolutions per minute. The mill should 
be so that it will stop its sawing when within three 
inches of being through the log ; and arranged by 
the machinery to draw the carriage with the log 
back, that it may be ready for the saw again with- 
out losing time. One word of caution is, not to 
^tnake the pitman too tight on the crank ; in fact, 
no part of the mill that is moving should be tight- 
ened J;oo much ; just sufficient that it will not 
change its position when running, and work easy. 
Note. — As the muley saw is used to some ex- 
tent, when fast sawing is required, it requires a 
good sawyer to manage it, as there is more danger 
of bending or breaking the saw, on account of its 
speed, if not properly managed. This saw can be 
run much faster, as the gate is dispensed with, and 
is run generally at a speed of two hundred and 
upwards per minute. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 123 



The Circular Saw. 

These require a sawyer who has some expe- 
rience, to manage them, otherwise they will not be 
profitable. I find it difficult to lay down any one 
principle for his guidance. They mostly run ver- 
tically, having various kinds of wood to saw ; their 
sizes being different, they all should be run with 
straps or belts ; the speed, also, varies from two 
hundred and fifty to fifteen hundred revolutions 
per minute ; this depends upon the diameter of the 
saw, and the thickness of the timber it has to cut. 
They cannot be recommended for sawing large 
logs or hard timber, as the saw often breaks, or 
becomes heated and is spoiled. 

The shaft the saw is hung on- should have one 
fourth inch play at the end,' and be levelled true ; 
the saw made fast and perpendicular; in fact, 
every part should be fitted to work easy. The 
sharpening of the saw is done nearly as the others ; 
the teeth are kept their proper length and depth 
by running the saw backward, and holding a piece 
of grind-stone near them ; or by describing a circle 
from the centre to the point of the teeth, and filing 
off the points ; then describe one more circle the 
depth you want the teeth, and file them their 
proper depth. Set every alternate tooth a little on 
one side, and the remaining teeth to the opposite 
side. The saw, when running at a great speed and 



124 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

cutting hard timber, should have water poured on 
it to keep it from heating. If suffered to run long, 
after it gets hot, the temper will be taken out of 
it, and render it useless. 

It necessarily occurs that every journal, and 
where there is any friction, should have oil ap- 
plied, to keep it from heating ; it will also require 
less power and do better work. 



Eules for Calculating the Speed the Stones 
and other pieces or parts of the ma- 
chinery run at. 

The fundamental principles on which are 
founded all rules for calculating the motion pro- 
duced by a combination of wheels, and for calcu- 
lating the number of cogs to be put in them to 
produce the motion that is required, is to com- 
mence with the first moving power, which is 
either an engine or water-wheel. If, therefore, 
the revolutions the first moving wheel makes in a 
minute be multiplied by the number of cogs in all 
the driving wheels successively, and the product 
noted, and the revolutions of the last leading 
wheel be multiplied by the number of cogs in all 
the leading wheels successively, and the product 
noted, these products will be equal in all possible 
cases. From these we can calculate the number 
of revolutions any part of the machinery makes in 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 125 

a minute. My intentions are to lay down simple 
rules, so that the millers of limited education may 
calculate the speed of any part of the machinery 
of the mill. 



Eule First. 

To find the motion of the mill-stone, the revolu- 
tions of the engine or water-wheel (we will call 
the first moving power), and the cogs in the wheel 
being given. 

Multiply the revolutions of the engine or water- 
wheel per minute, by the number of cogs in all the 
driving-wheels successively, and note down the 
product. Then multiply the number of cogs or 
rounds in all the leading wheels successively, and 
note the product; then divide the first product by 
the last, and the quotient is the number of revolu- 
tions of the stone per minute. 



Example. 

Giving the number of revolutions of the first 
moving power, viz. : the engine or water-wheel 
per minute. 48 

No. of cogs in the master cog-wheel, 56 

288 
240 

2688 
11* 



126 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Amount brought over, 2688 

No. cogs in spur or counter cog-wheel 99 

24192 
24192 



266112 



Multiply the leading wheels, viz.: the number 
of cogs in the first leading wheel (48) by the 
number of cogs in the next, the pinion (32). 

48 
32 

96 
144 



1536 
Divide the first quotient (266112) by the last 
(1536). 

1536)266112(173 
1536 
11251 
10752 



4992 
4608 

384 

Thus the stones make 173 revolutions per 
minute. 



Rule Second. 

To find the speed the bolts run at, you first cal- 
culate the number of revolutions the upright shaft 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 127 

makes per minute; it is made from the first 
mover (engine or water-wheel) ; it runs, per 
minute, 48 

No. of cogs in the master cog-wheel, 56 

288 
240 



No. of cogs in first leading wheel, 48)2688(56 

240 

288 

288 



00 



The upright shaft runs, therefore, 56 revolu- 
tions per minute. Then multiply the number of 
cogs in the driving-wheel on the shaft, which is 
40, by that of the upright shaft, 56, the quotient 
is 2240 ; which, divided by the number of cogs in 
the leader, 72, gives the number of revolutions 
the bolts make per minute, 31. 



Another Example. 

Given the first mover (the engine or water- 
wheel) ; its revolutions per minute are . 35 

No. of cogs in master-wheel 66=2310 

Divided by the number of cogs that is in the 
wheel that is in the upright shaft, a leader, 37, 
gives the revolutions of the upright shaft 62 per 
minute. This, again multiplied by the number of 



128 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

cogs in the spur-wheel, 95, gives 5890; which, 
divided by the number of cogs in leader or pinion, 
36, gives the number of revolutions of the stone 
per minute 163. 

The upright shaft runs, per minute, 62 revolu- 
tions ; number of cogs that is in the wheel on the 
upright shaft, 37 ; multiplied, gives 2294, and 
divided by 74, the number of cogs in the wheel 
that drives the bolt, a leader, gives 31, the number 
of revolutions the bolts make per minute. 

Note. — If any of the wheels be for straps or 
drums and pulleys, or are moved thereby, take 
the diameter of each drum, etc., in inches and 
parts, and multiply and divide the ^same as with 
cogs. 



Eule Third. 

To find the speed the smut mills make per 
minute. 

First, the upright shaft runs, per minute, 56 
No. of cogs in the driving-wheel, 73 

168 
392 



4088 
Which, divided by the number of cogs in the 
leader, 35, gives the number of revolutions the 
shaft makes per minute, which is 116 

The smut mill is driven by a belt ; take, ) 72 
therefore, the diameter of the drum or > 232 
pulley, in inches, a driver. ) 812 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 129 



Divide this quotient by the diameter of -^ 
the leading pulley, which is 14 inches, I 09^0 
and it gives the number of revolutions 1 
of the smut mill, 596 per minute. J 



Another Example. 

The upright shaft moves, per minute, 62, X 
the number of cogs in the wheel on the upright 
shaft, -37 (both drivers), the quotient is 2294; 
which, divided by the number of cogs in the 
wheel that is on the lying shaft (a leader), 35, 
gives the number of revolutions of the lying 
shaft ; it runs 65 per minute ; this number, multi- 
plied by 47, the number of cogs in the wheel of 
the lying shaft, gives the quotient, 3055, which, 
divided by 27, the number of cogs on the wheel 
in the upright shaft, gives the number of revolu- 
tions of the upright shaft that drives the smut 
mill, 113 ; which, multiplied by the diameter of 
the drum on the upright shaft, 48, gives a quotient 
of 5424; this, divided by the diameter of the 
drum (or leader), which is 18 inches, gives the 
revolutions of the smut mill, per minute, 301. 

• It is not necessary to mention any other parts 
of the machinery, as the calculations can be made 
from the examples given. There is no regular 
criterion as to size of wheels, number of cogs, &c, 
to suit in all situations. I consider I have given 



130 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

sufficient to enable the miller to make his own 
calculations to suit circumstances, and to judge 
when any deficiency exists in the machinery, and 
correct it accordingly. 

Very often, in building a new mill, the mill- 
wright will miss his calculations on the first 
moves, the engine or water-wheel not running the 
speed it was calculated for. If this should ever 
be the case, and the machinery not run its proper 
speed, then the miller can find out where the 
deficiency is, and make the alterations required. 



To find the Quantity, in Bushels, a Hopper 
will Contain. 

Rule. — Multiply the length at the top by the 
breadth, and that product by one third the depth; 
measuring to the point, divide the last product by 
the contents of a bushel in inches, and the quo- 
tient will be the same answer required. 

Table of Dry Measure. 

33.6 solid inches in one pint. 

268.8 " " gallon. 

537.6 " " peck. 

2150.4 " " bushel. 

Example. — How many bushels in a hopper 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 131 

forty-two inches square at the top and twenty- 
four inches deep. 

According to rule 42 x 42 x 8 -r- 2150.4. 

Thus: 42 1764 

42 8 2150.4)14112.0(6.56 

84 and 14112 129024 

168 • 1209.6 _56 

1764 and 2150.4 - 100 

And we have for an answer 6.56 bushels. 



Spouts — The necessity of making them large. 

I think it necessary to notice this matter in this 
work, as I have often experienced a great deal of 
trouble in .different mills from the spouts being 
made too small and confined. I believe many 
other millers can make the like assertion. Spouts 
should invariably be made of sufficient size that 
they will not be stopped with pieces of straw or 
other small substances, and should have sufficient 
slant that there will be no difficulty in their running. 

Often the spouts are put in contracted parts of 
the mill ; whenever this is the case, there should 
be a slide put in at the top, sufficiently large to 
put the hand in, or left open at the top, so that if 
they stop running they may be altered. When 
the spouts are contracted, or you cannot get slant 
enough, then it is best to use a tin one, as flour or 
meal will run much better than on wood. The 



132 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



spouts from the mill-stones particularly should be 
as large as can conveniently be put in, to give air 
round the stone, as it will help to keep them cool. 
I believe if the meal could be run into the con- 
veyor, or elevator, that the stones would require 
less power to drive them, if there were three large 
spouts to each pair of stones, as the stones, having 
to drive the meal round the hoop before it can 
leave the spout, are apt to both heat the meal 
and take more power. 



TO LAY OFF ANY REQUIRED ANGLE. 



ONE FOURTH OF A CIRCLE. 




Base line. 



and engineer's guide. 133 

By this angle any degree may be taken near 
enough for any angle mentioned in this work, by 
applying the side of a bevel to the base line, and 
setting the blade to any angle required. I have 
thought it necessary, for the benefit of others, to 
give this cut of angles, as I have mentioned in 
this work of the angles of different degrees. I 
have made inquiry, and find by most mechanics 
that they work by guessing, without knowing 
whether they are right or wrong. As every one 
may understand it, I give above examples from 
ten to ninety degrees. It is generally known by 
mechanics that an angle of forty-five degrees is a 
mitre. 

I know there are some mechanics that have a 
case of instruments. To such this will not be of 
any great benefit ; but generally the workmen are 
without them. To such I hope this will prove 
beneficial. 



Of Masonry. 

Masonry is the preparing and combining of 
stones so as to properly touch, indent, or lie on 
each other, and become masses of walling and 
arching for the purpose of building. In stone 
walling, the bedding joints ought each to be laid 
horizontally when the top of the wall is to termi- 
nate so. In building bridges and fence walls upon 
inclined surfaces, the bedding joints ought to 
12 



131 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

follow the general direction of the work. A wall 
which consists of unhewn stone is called a rubble 
wall, whether mortar is used or not. This species 
of work is of two kinds, coursed and uncoursed. 
In the former, the stones are gauged or dressed 
by the chisel or hammer, and the masonry laid in 
horizontal courses, but not always confined to the 
same thickness. The uncoursed is formed by 
laying the stones as they come to hand, without 
any previous gauging, dressing, or assorting. 
Walls, columns, blocks of stone or marble, &c, 
are measured by the cubic foot ; and pavements, 
slabs, chimney-pieces, &., are measured by the 
superficial or square foot. Cubic or solid measure 
is used for the materials and square, or superficial 
measure for the workmanship. In the solid 
measure, the true length, breadth, and thickness 
are taken and multiplied continually together. 
In the square measure, there must be taken the 
length and breadth of every part of the projection 
which is seen. 



Of Artificer's Work. 

Artificers compute the contents .of their work 
by several different measures, namely : 

1. Glazier's and mason's work is by the foot. 

2. Painting, plastering, paving, &c, by the yard. 

3. Partitioning, flooring, roofing, &., by the foot. 

4. Brickwork, by the 1,000 or cubic foot. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 135 



Bricklayer's Work. 

Brickwork is estimated at the rate of a brick 
and a half thick, so that if a wall be more or less 
than this standard thickness, it must be reduced 
to it as follows. 

Rule, — Multiply the superficial contents of the 
wall by the number of half bricks in the thickness, 
and one half of the product will be the contents 
required. 



Bricks and Laths — Dimensions. 

15 common bricks to a cubic ft. of 9 in. wall, laid. 
22J " " " 12 " " 

30 " " "16 " " 

37J " " " 20 " " 

Laths are from one to one and a half inches wide 
by four feet long, and are usually set half an inch 
apart, and a bundle should contain one hundred. 

Example. — How many bricks will it require to 
build a house 30 feet square, 20 feet high, and 
12 inches thick, above which is a triangular gable 
rising 12 feet and 9 inches thick. 



136 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Thus : 30 x 6 + 30 x 6 x 15 and 30 + 30 



+ 28 + 28 x 20 x 22J. 




360 


30 


-j r bricks to 9 
J-0 inch thick. 


30 


30 x 6 is 180 1800 


28 116 


30 x 6 is 180 360 


28 20 high. 


360 and 5400 SKST 


116 and 2320 « 


Then 2320 




22 J bricks in a 12 inch wall. 




4640 




4640 


5400 


1160 


52200 



52200 bricks added to 5400 bricks = 57600 the answer. 

Example 2. — How many bricks are required 
to fcuild a mill house 60 feet long, 40 feet wide, 
40 feet high, and 12 inches thick. 

ThnS 60 + 60 + 40 + 40 X 40 X 22 J = the answer. 

60 120 160 200 

120 ~160 200 8000~ and 8000 

22J 



16000 
16000 
4000 



180000 answer. 



Timber Measure. 

Timber is chiefly estimated by the square or 
superficial foot of 144 inches, or cubic foot of 1728 
inches, the calculation of which is performed by 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 137 

duodecimals ; that is, the foot and inch is divided 
into twelve parts or divisions, thus : 

12 fourths make 1 third. 

12 thirds " 1 second. 

12 seconds " 1 inch. 

12 inches " 1 foot. 

And the several values are 
Feet, multiplied by feet, gives feet. 
Feet, multiplied by inches, gives inches. 
Feet, multiplied by seconds, gives seconds. 
Inches, multiplied by inches, gives seconds. 
Inches, multiplied by seconds, gives thirds. 
Seconds, multiplied by seconds, gives fourths. 
And so forth. 

Rule 1. — Place the multiplier under the multi- 
plicand, feet under feet, inches under inches, 
seconds under seconds, and so forth. 

Rule 2. — Multiply each denomination of the 
length, by the feet of the breadth, beginning at the 
lowest, and place each product under that denom- 
ination of the multiplicand from which it arises, 
always carrying one for every twelve. 

Rule 3. — Multiply by the inches, and set each 
product one place toward the right hand. 

Rule 4. — Then multiply by the seconds, and 
set each other product one place further to the 
right. 

Thus prove in like manner with all the other 
denominations, and the sum will be the content. 
Example 1. — Bequire the superficial contents of 
12* 



138 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

a board 12 feet 6 inches long and 1 foot 5 J 
wide. 

F. I. S. 
According to rule. 12 6 
multiplied by 15 6 

12 6 and we have for the 
5 2 6 answer, 18 feet. 2 

6 3 inches, and 9 sec. 
18 2 9 
The solid content of timber is found by multi- 
plying the length of the tree or log by the square 
of the J girth. 

Example. — Eequire the contents of a tree in 
cubic feet, whose girth in the middle is 84 inches, 
and length 25 feet 6 inches. Thus, \ of girth 84 
is 21, which is equal to 1 foot 9 inches, which is 
to be squared thus. 

F. I. 
1 9 
1 9_ 

1 9 
13 9 



3 9 
Then by rule the length must be multiplied by 
the quotient of square of \ girth. 
Thus: 



F. 


I. 


S. 


T. 


And we have for the 


25 


6 






answer, 78 ft., 1 in., 


3 





9 




1 sec., and 1 third. 



76 6 
17 16 

78 1 1 6 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



139 



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140 



THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 



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AND engineer's guide. 141 

To find the amount of lumber any log will 
make, first find the length of the log in the first or 
left-hand column. Then, on the top of the page, 
to the right, find the diameter, and under the 
same will be found the quantity of lumber your 
log will make. Calculated for any length log, 
from 10 to 25 feet, and for any diameter from 12 
to 44 inches. 



Of the Wedge. 

The wedge is an inclined plane ; the form of it 
and the power applied to it, will be the resistance 
to be overcome, as the thickness of the wedge is 
to the length. It is a useful mechanical power, 
and in some purposes, excels all the rest ; because 
with it we can effect, what we cannot do with any 
other in the same time. Its power may be com- 
puted in the following manner : 

We will suppose the wedge to be twelve inches 
long, and two inches thick at the upper end, and 
tapering to a sharp edge at the other. The power 
to hold it in is as one to twelve resistance ; that is, 
twelve resistance pressing on each side of the 
wedge; for if struck with a mallet, the whole 
power or force added to the whole force of the 
power in the stroke, is communicated to the 
wedge the time it continues to move. The effect 
is as the square of the velocity with which the 



14:2 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 

mallet strikes, multiplied into its weight. Thus, 
suppose a mallet weighing ten pounds, strike with 
five velocity, the effective momentum is two hun- 
dred and fifty ; but if it strike with double the 
force, or rather velocity, then the momentum is 
one thousand ; if the force of each stroke, except 
what may be destroyed by the friction of the 
wedge, is added until the sum of these forces 
amounts to more than the resistance of the body 
to be split, it must open ; if the wedge does not 
move when struck, the whole force is destroyed 
by the friction; the less the inclination of the 
sides of the wedge, the greater the resistance we 
overcome, because it will be easier moved by the 
stroke. 



Of Pumps. 

I think it is requisite to mention the common 
pump for drawing water. All pumps should be 
so constructed as to work with equal ease, in 
raising water to any given height above the 
surface of the well. Pumps are chiefly designated 
by the names of force and lifting pumps. Lifting 
pumps are applied to wells ,etc, where the height 
of the bucket from the surface of the water should 
not exceed thirty feet. The movable valve should 
be cased with leather, which springs outward, and 
fits the tube, so that neither air nor water can pass 
by it. The handle of the pump is a lever, in- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 1-13 

creasing the power used six times the distance or 
length of the handle ; between the pin on which 
it moves and the top of the pump-rod, to which it 
is fixed, should "be nearly one fifth part of the 
length ; when the lever is worked, the valve opens 
as it descends, letting the air or water pass through 
it ; as it again ascends the valve shuts, and the water 
which is above the bucket is raised. There would 
be a vacuum between the valves, but the weight 
of the air presses on the surface of the water in 
the well, forcing it up through the lowermost 
valve ; this fills the space between the buckets j 
as the valve descends the lowermost valve shuts, 
and prevents the water from descending again. 
But if the upper valve be set more than thirty 
feet above the surface of the water in the well, the 
pump cannot be made to draw, because the pres- 
sure of the atmosphere will not cause the water to 
rise more than thirty -two feet. The distance be- 
tween the valve in the first one and the surface 
of the water in the well, should never exceed 
twenty-four feet, or from some imperfection of 
workmanship, or other causes, the pump will lose 
water, and will cease to act. 

Note. — Hot liquor pumps, or any pumps em- 
ployed in raising any fluid where steam is gen- 
erated, require to be placed in the fluid as low as 
the bottom of it, on account of the steam filling 
the pipes, and acting as a counterpoise to the 
atmosphere ; and the diameter of the pipes to and 



144 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

from the pump, ought not to be less than two 
thirds of the pump's diameter. 



The Screw. 

The screw may be denominated a circular in- 
clined plane, which is denominated the thread, 
fastened around the cylinder. It consists essen- 
tially of two parts, called the internal screw and 
the external screw. In a single turn of the 
screw the circumference of the cylinder is equal 
to the base of the inclined plane, and the distance 
between the threads is equal to its heighth. The 
power is generally applied to the screw by means 
of a lever, which describes the circumference of a 
circle at each turn of the screw. The screw is 
evidently of great use, both for pressure and rais- 
ing great weights. If the distance of the thread 
be half an inch, and the lever fifteen inches, and 
the power applied be ten pounds, then the power 
will describe a circle of ninety-four inches, whilst 
the weight raises half an inch. Then as half 
an inch is to ninety-four, so is ten pounds to 
one thousand eight hundred and eighty pounds, 
the weight the engine would raise with ten pounds 
power. But this is with no friction on the screw. 
We know the friction to be great, but have no 
means to give an accurate calculation. 



AND ENGINEER S GUIDE. 



145 



The following table shows the power of man or 
horse as applied to machinery. 



APPLICATIONS OF THE POWER. 



A man is supposed to be 
capable of lifting or car- 
rying - 

A man is supposed to be 
capable of turning the 
winch of a crane with a 
force equal to - - - - 

When the "united efforts of 
two men are applied to 
the winch of a crane, the 
handles being at right- 
angles, each man exerts 
a force equal to - - - 

A man is supposed to ex- 
ert a power in pumping 
equal to - - - - m - - 

In ringing in, man exerts a 
force equal to - - - - 

And in rowing - - - - 

The power of a horse is 
equal to 



Lbs. Avr. at 
the rate of 
220 feet per 
minute. 



27.273 



28.637 



53.499 



17.335 

38.955 
40.955 

150 



Lbs. Avr. at the 
rate of one foot 
per minute. 



or 6,000 



" 6,300 



" 7,350 



" 3,814 

" 8,570 
" 9,010 

" 33,000 



Measure of Solidity. 



7.22 cubic inches make 


1 gill. 


28.88 


1 pint. 


57.76 


1 quart. 


231.04 " " 


1 gallon. 


13 





146 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Note. — By the statute of the State of New 
York, the gallon of dry measure shall contain ten 
pounds of pure water at its maximum density ; the 
bushel, eighty pounds. These measures have this 
great advantage. The common pump, or spring 
water, fresh drawn, is sufficiently near the standard 
density to be employed in regulating them, in all 
cases, where scientific accuracy is not required. 



KULES FOR CALCULATING- LIQUIDS. 

To find the number of United States gallons 
contained in any square or rectangular cistern, 
multiply the contents in cubic feet, and then multi- 
ply the product by 1728, the number of cubic 
inches in a cubic foot, and divide the result by 
231, the number of cubic inches in a gallon. 

Example. — How many gallons in a cistern 
which is ten feet long, five feet wide, and four feet 
deep. By rule : 10 x 5 x 4 x 1728-4-231. 
Thus 10 
_5 

50 1728 231)345600(1496.24 

4 200 231 



200 and 345600 and 1146 

924 

2220 
2079 

1410 

1386 

24 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



147 



A TABLE 

Showing the capacity of Cisterns, Wells, etc., in Ale Gallons and Hogsheads, in 
proportion to their Diameters and Depths. 



Capacity in 




















gallons. 




Capacity 


in Hhc 


Is, Ale Measure, 63 Gallons. 




Dia. in 


Depth 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


FT. 


inches 


1 FT. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 


3 


43.3 


4.1 


4.8 


5.5 


6.2 


6.8 


7.5 


8.2 


9. 


9.6 


3y> 


59. 


5.6 


6.5 


7.4 


8.4 


9.3 


10.3 


11.1 


12.1 


13.1 


4 


77.6 


7.4 


8.6 


9.8 


11.1 


12.2 


13.5 


14.8 


16. 


17.2 


&A 


97.5 


9.3 


10.8 


12.4 


13.9 


15.5 


17. 


18.6 


20.1 


21.6 


5 


120.3 


11.1 


13.3 


14.8 


17.2 


19.1 


21. 


22.2 


24.4 


26.7 


?>A 


U5.5 


13.8 


16.1 


18.4 


20.8 


23.1 


25.4 


.27.6 


29.9 


32.3 


6 


173.2 


16.5 


19.2 


22. 


24.7 


27.5 


32. 


33. 


35.7 


38.4 


*A 


203.3 


19.3 


22.6 


25.7 


29. 


32.2 


35.5 


38.6 


41.9 


45.1 


7 


235.8 


22.4 


26.2 


29.8 


33.7 


37.4 


41.1 


44.8 


48.6 


52.4 


7K 


270.7 


25.8 


30. 


34.4 


38.6 


42.9 


47.2 


51.6 


55.5 


60.1 


8 


308. 


29.3 


34.2 


39. 


44. 


48.9 


53.8 


58.6 


63.8 


68.4 


&A 


347.7 


33. 


38.6 


44. 


49.6 


55.2 


60.7 


66. 


71.6 


77.2 


9 


390. 


37.1 


43.3 


49.4 


55.7 


61.9 


68.1 


74.2 


80.4 


86.6 


V& 


434.3 


41.3 


48.2 


55. 


62. 


68.9 


75.8 


82.6 


89.5 


96.5 


10 


481. 


45.8 


53.4 


61. 


68.7 


76.4 


84. 


91.6 


99. 


106.9 


11 


583.3 


55.5 


64.8 


74. 


83.3 


92.6 


101.8 


111. 


120.3 


129.6 


12 


693. 


J 66. 


77. 


■ 88. 


99. 


110. 


121. 


132. 


143. 


154. 



EXPLANATION. 

Find the diameter in feet on the left hand of the 
column of the table; then move to the right on 
the same line till you come under the depth in 
feet, and you will have the answer sought for in 
hogsheads. Thus, if the capacity- of a cistern be 
required whose diameter is 5 J feet, and depth 12 
feet, we find opposite 5 J and directly under 12, on 
the same line, 22*2, which is the answer. 
i Note. — The above table will be found useful 
and very convenient in the construction of public 
reservoirs, as well as private cisterns, as it will 
enable any one at a glance to determine the di- 
mensions in depth and diameter, to hold a given 



148 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

number of hogsheads. For a private dwelling, 
the capacity should not be less than seven feet 
diameter by eight or nine feet deep. In the con- 
struction of reservoirs for the supply of tenders 
on railroads, the height should be double that of 
the diameter, in order to obtain a head of water, 
and thus save time in replenishing the tenders. 

The preceding table was computed in .English 
ale gallons, although in New York but one stand- 
ard measure for all liquids exists. 



Steel — Of the various degrees of Heat 
required in the manufacture of steel. 

They are termed by the smith as the black 
heat, the red, or cherry heat, the bright red, or 
bright cherry red, the white, and the welding 
heat. The first named is the lowest heat ; it is 
not visible in daylight, but shines in the dark 
with a brown color. The second is in daylight a 
blood-red crimson. The third, a yellowish red, 
gives the scales or hammer slag on the iron a 
black appearance. A white heat is that which 
the scales and iron appear of the same color. 
Steel does not bear the same degree of heat as 
iron without injury. The finest cast steel will 
hardly sustain a bright red heat without falling to 
pieces, rendering it imprudent to heat it higher 
than a middling or cherry red heat. Although 



AND engineer's guide. 149 

sensitive to heat, steel will bear much more forg- 
ing than iron, if not previously injured by too 
great a heat. In forging steel, no heavy tools, or 
at least no heavy sledge, should be used. Open 
fires are not adapted to heating steel, because a 
great deal of air passes through them unburnt, 
which in passing over the hot steel deprives it to 
some extent of its carbon. The fires require a 
roof or arch of fire-brick, in order to secure the 
proper compression of the air ; or the roof may 
easily be formed of the coal itself. When damp, 
if slack coal is thrown on the fire in a layer of 
two or three inches thick, it will cake together, 
and, after the loose coal below it is burnt, it will 
form a hollow fire like a bake oven, the cake 
roof reflecting an immense heat upon the material 
below it. In heating steel, particular attention 
should be paid to the purity of the coal, and to 
its freedom from sulphur. Fine coal, wet, is less 
injurious to steel than coarse dry coal of the same 
quality. The hardening of cast steel is to heat 
the steel to not more than a brown or cherry red 
heat; beyond that point it burns and becomes 
brittle in hardening. The usual method is to 
heat the steel to a certain point, and then very 
suddenly plunge it into cold water, tempering it 
afterward. Good steel is silver white, and when 
tempered properly will scratch pane glass, or a 
file. In hardening steel, the hardness is derived 
not so much from the degree of heat to which the 
13* 



150 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 

metal is subjected as to the degree of cold of the 
cooling fluid, and the manner in which the cool- 
ing is performed. 

Steel must be heated to a certain degree to 
assume its greatest hardness ; if heated below that 
point, it will not become hard, no matter what 
kind of cooling fluid you employ. If the proper 
degree of heat be obtained, it is in your power to 
make the steel more or less hard, by choosing 
more or less cold water, or other fluids, for chilling 
it. Pure well water, taken fresh from the well, is 
the best element to cool it in ; and it should be re- 
newed at each operation. Hard well or spring 
water is preferable to that of a softer quality, and 
should be obtained if possible. Steel treated in 
this way assumes its greatest degree of hardness, 
and may afterward be tempered to any extent. 
The manner of cooling is of importance. If hot 
steel is held quietly in cold water, it will not 
become so hard as may be desirable, because the 
steam formed on the hot surface will prevent its 
rapid cooling. It should be moved backward or 
forward, or up and down, in the water, which 
greatly increases the hardness. For hardening 
large objects, a current or fall of water is indispen- 
sable. The surest method is to impart to the steel, 
in the operation of hardening, the greatest degree 
of hardness of which it is susceptible, and temper 
it afterward. If the steel is hotter, and the water 
colder, it will assume a greater degree of hardness, 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 151 

or become brittle. By the same degree of heat in 
the steel, water, with ice or snow in it, will make 
the steel harder than water alone. Steel, heated 
to its highest point, and plunged in the coldest 
medium, becomes what is termed glass-hard, that 
is, it will scratch" glass ; but it is usually very 
brittle. If hot steel is thrown to the bottom of a 
vessel of cold water, it does not assume a high 
degree of hardness ; but if a rapid motion is given 
to it, it speedily becomes hard, and the hardness 
increases with the rapidity of the motion. A 
well forged and polished rod of sound steel, if 
suspended by one end, and struck by any hard 
substance, emits a sonorous, silvery tone. There 
is no comparison between the sound of iron with 
steel. 



Composition for Welding Cast Steel. 

Take of borax ten parts ; of sal ammonia, one 
part ; grind or pound them roughly together ; then 
fuse them in a metal pot over a clear fire, taking 
care to continue the heat until all spume has dis- 
appeared from the surface. When the liquid 
appears clear, the composition is ready to be 
poured out to cool and concrete ; afterward being 
ground to a fine powder, it is ready for use. 

To use this composition, the steel to be welded 
is raised to a heat which may be expressed as a 
bright yellow ; it is then dipped among the weld- 



152 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

ing powder, and again placed in the fire, until it 
attains the same degree of heat as before; it is 
then ready for hammering. 



Directions for Making and Sharpening Mill 
Picks. 

It is one of the most difficult things a miller has 
to contend with, to find a smith who can make 
and sharpen a mill pick, and temper it to carry 
a sharp edge that will crack hard burr mill-stones, 
from not knowing the nature of cast-steel. Often 
the millers have to send their picks a long dis- 
tance to be sharpened. Under these circum- 
stances, I have thought it right to give some in- 
structions, which, if correctly followed, will enable 
the miller to sharpen his own picks ; or, he may 
teach the smith in what way to temper or sharpen 
them. It is impossible to do their work well if 
the picks be not well hammered, and of the 
correct temper ; they will be brittle, and fly on the 
edge, or they will be soft, and batter up, and will 
not cut. If the steel is heated too much, it will, 
when being used in picks, crumble on the edge; 
it is therefore necessary you should be particular 
in choosing good steel, for when the steel is bad, 
the picks will not be of any essential use to you. 

The working of cast-steel picks, so that they 
will keep a sharp, even edge, whilst working on a 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. * 153 

hard mill-stone, is done as follows: The steel or 
picks should be heated with charcoal or coke ; if 
they are not to be found, the fire should be made 
of cinders, as fresh coal will, in general, have too 
much sulphur, which will make the steel too 
brittle and rotten. In commencing to make new 
picks, you first cut the steel off its proper length 
for each pick. Great care should be taken to 
insure to all parts a uniform temperature. Let it 
be heated to a blood-red heat. The operation of 
heating and hammering must be repeated until 
it is made the shape, length, and size required ; 
but do not leave the marks of the hammer on it 
when finished. Then comes the hammering, 
which should be done as follows : You heat one 
of the ends of the pick until it becomes of a cherry 
red. The work should be moved to and fro, to 
expose all parts alike to the fire ; then lay it even 
and straight on the anvil, and commence hammer- 
ing it quick and hard, using a small hammer. 
Finish the edge of the pick first (making it a little 
narrower, as when it is finished the sides will be 
of an even width), as these edges must not be 
touched after you commence hammering the sides. 
If one stroke of the hammer is made on the edge 
after, it will open the pores in the Mge ; the pick 
will crumble there, and will not cut. Dip the. 
hammer in some clean water when working the 
end ; this helps to close the pores as you hammer, 
and makes the steel more tough. If the edge of 



154: THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the pick is not straight, it should be cut off. The 
edge, when it is finished, is left nearly a sixteenth 
of an inch thick, to prevent it from being burnt 
through in heating again for tempering. 

After both ends of the pick have been made, as 
above described, they are ready for tempering, to 
do which the fire should be carefully attended to. 
By referring to the article on steel, you will find 
an accurate description of the fire necessary for 
tempering, together with several other little scraps 
of much-needed information here, which the tem- 
pering and making of picks, as well as other 
articles of steel manufacture, require. The pick 
should have sufficient time to heat or soak, moving 
it to and fro in the fire, that all parts may be 
heated alike. Watch it closely until it becomes 
of a cherry red color (if heated too much, it will 
fly, and if not enough, it will be soft), and when 
it is of the heat required, the end should be dipped 
in a bucket of clean water, about an inch from the 
point ; take it out immediately, and hold it until 
it becomes of a white color. Work the other end 
of the pick in the same manner, keeping the end 
that is tempered at the same time cool by pouring 
water on it. Take particular care that no grease 
or oil is in th* water you temper with, as grease 
spoils the picks. Thus, by a little practice, you 
can make picks that will do good work. 

Another principle in tempering picks, is by 
mixing shavings of leather in the fire, to keep the 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 155 

edges from cracking. When brittle substances 
crack in hardening, it is from the outside con- 
tracting, thus becoming too small to contain the 
interior parts. To save the edges from shrinking 
or cracking by hardening, a good way is to draw 
the edges of the pick through yeast or beer 
grounds, or any other sticky substance, and then 
through a little common salt and animal's hoofs 
roasted and pounded. This applies a little carbon 
to the outside, and renders the steel harder, and 
less disposed to crack ; it also prevents the edge 
from being injured from the fire. 

I have always found the greatest difficulty from 
the smith not hammering the picks sufficiently, so 
as to close the pores and make them tough. The 
following is a receipt that was handed me, but 
one which I have never tried : 

a composition for tempering cast steel mlll 
Picks. 

To three gallons of rain water, add three ounces 
of spirits of nitre, three ounces of hartshorn, three 
ounces of white vitriol, three ounces of sal ammonias, 
three of alum, and six ounces of salt, with two 
handfuls of the parings of horse's hoof. The steel to 
be heated a dark cherry red. A large jug of this 
preparation should be kept corked tight, that it 
will not evaporate nor lose its strength. 



156 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



Governors for Flouring Mills. 

Milling should be carried on in the most profit- 
able way possible. This is by making the best 
flour and yield ; that is, to take out all the flour 
there is in the wheat. 

I have thought proper, in this work, to intro- 
duce the governor to steam and water flouring 
mills. Every one must acknowledge that, when 
attached to the stones of a wind mill, they regulate 
their grinding evenly. When the stones are set 
properly they will not vary ; the wind may blow 
hard or soft, the governor raising or lowering 
the stone as the wind may blow. 

I have never seen the governor for regulating 
the mill-stones in a steam or water mill ; but I feel 
convinced these governors will be used in general, 
both in steam and water mills, at an early day. 
I feel confident that, if the governor is properly 
put up, it will pay for itself in a very short time. 
Every miller knows that there is a great loss in the 
yield of flour in stopping and starting the mill, as 
there is seldom but one miller ^o attend to setting 
the stones. There must then be, of necessity, a 
great loss before the stones are set properly, losing 
considerable wheat that is partly ground, which 
goes into the offal. 

I believe the governor can be so arranged in a 
mill that it will not interfere or disarrange any of 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 157 

the other machinery of the mill, as they may be 
driven by a pulley from the upright shaft or the 
spindle of the mill-stones, and it requires but little 
power to drive them. They are made similar to 
the governor of a steam engine. Sometimes, in a 
wind mill, they have four balls attached.; to others 
only two are attached. I prefer using them with 
two balls. The pulley may be placed on the hor- 
izontal shaft, above the balls or below them, to 
suit. I give this cut as a model, and the principle 
on which the efficacy of it depends is easily ex- 
plained. {See figure 10.) 

The heavy balls B B are attached to metal rods 
A A, which work on pivots C, with shoulders 
that project into the upright axis D D, and be- 
come attached to a rod, which works freely within 
the upright axis D D. Now, by the revolution of 
the axis D D, the balls B B acquire an obvious 
tendency to fly off from the axis, and this tendency 
is stopped or resisted by the weight of the balls, 
so that when the axis is revolving with a certain* 
velocity, the balls will remain suspended. It fol- 
lows that, when the balls diverge from the axis, 
the shoulders of the arms A A will operate upon 
a pivot C C. The balance beam E is made with 
a crook in it, so that the balls will not interfere 
with it when running. At the end next the 
collar C are two prongs fitting in this collar ; the 
straight part is made of steel, the same as a steel- 
yard beam, only the notches are fine on the top 
14 



158 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

and bottom, as seen in E. A rod of iron G is 
made fast to a beam I at one end, the other end 
with a mortice for the balance beam to go through ; 
this mortice is made of the best of steel, to fit on 
one of the notches, so that yon can move it to any 
part necessary to take off the leverage or add to 
it. You then have a rod of iron, one end fixed to 
the end of the bridge-tree K, the other end with a 
mortice, which should be made of steel. The 
balance-beam E to go through, hanging on one of 
the notches at the top. This can be altered to 
give more or less leverage to regulate the stone 
when grinding. Silent feeders will act with the 
governor ; for when the mill runs slow they will 
give less speed, the governor raising the stones in 
exact proportion to their speed. These balls 
should make forty revolutions or thereabouts per 
minute, and their circumference, for three run of 
stones, should be eighteen or twenty inches. 



The Governor or Eegulator. 

The length of pendulums given to find the 
number of revolutions per minute. 

Rule. — Divide 375 by the square root of the 
pendulum length, and J the quotient will be the 
velocity required. 

Example. — What number of revolutions per 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 159 

minute ought a governor to make, whose pendu- 
lums are 25 inches long ? 

Thus : The square root of 25 is 5. 

Then, according to rule, divide 375 by 5, which 
is 75, the quotient ; but the rule requires the an- 
swer to be one half the quotient 75, which is 3 7 J, 
the number of revolutions per minute. 

The revolutions of the governor given, to find 
the length of the pendulums. 

Rule. — Divide 375 by twice the number of 
revolutions given, and the square of the quotient 
will be the answer. 

Example. — When the velocity of the governor 
is 37J revolutions per minute, what ought to be 
the length of the pendulums ? 

Thus: Twice the number of revolutions 37 J is 
75. Then, according to rule, divide 375 by 75, 
and we have the quotient 5; which, squared, 
gives 25 the answer or the length of the pen- 
dulums. 



The Pulley. 

A pulley is a mechanical assistant, by which a 
great deal of power is obtained in a small com- 
pass ; but more in accommodating the direction of 
power to that of resistance, as by pulling down- 
ward we are able to draw a weight upward. 
The advantage gained being twice the number of 



160 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

moveable pulleys. As pulleys are very simple, 
this may be ascertained as follows : 

Rule. — To find the weight that may be raised 
by a given number of pulleys, fixed or stationary, 
multiply the power by twice the number of 
moveable pulleys, and the answer is the weight 
the power equals. 

A single pulley may be so constructed that the 
weight will be as three times the power, where 
more than one rope is used. In a range of 
pulleys where the ends of one rope are fastened to 
the support and power, and the ends of the other 
to the lower and upper blocks, the weight is to 
the power as 4 is to 1. The principal objection 
to this, is the loss of power by friction of the 
pulleys. 

Example. — Find the weight that a power of 175 
pounds will raise by a block and tackle, the 
bottom or moveable block consisting of four 
pulleys. Thus: • 

Multiply, as in rule, the power 175 by twice the 
number of moveable pulleys, 4, which is 8. 

8 times 175 is 1400, the answer. 

Example 2. — What weight will be balanced by 
a power of 125 pounds, attached to a cord passing- 
over 5 moveable pulleys. Thus : 

Multiply, as in rule, the power 125 by twice the 
number of moveable pulleys, 5, which is 80. 

10 times 125 is 1250, the answer. 

The simple pulley consists of a single wheel with 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 161 

its cord, to one end of which is attached the weight, 
and to the other the power. No great mechanical 
advantage is gained by it ; the weight being equal 
to the power. When a number of wheels are 
used, the whole are called a system of pulleys. In 
this case, it is explained that the weight is divided 
among the strings. To find the weight that may 
be balanced by a given power, or to find the 
power necessary to support a given weight : 

Rule. — Multiply the power by twice the num- 
ber of moveable pulleys, and the answer is the 
weight ; or divide the weight given by twice the 
number of moveable pulleys, and the answer will 
be the power. 

Example 3. — What power, applied to a rope 
passing over a single moveable pulley, will bal- 
ance a weight of 700 pounds. 

Thus: Divide, as in rule, the weight 700 pounds 
by twice the number of moveable pulleys, 1, 
which is 2. 

700, divided by 2, is 350, the answer. 



Of the Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, 
Drums, etc. 

When wheels are applied to communicate mo- 
tion from one part of a machine to another, their 
teeth act alternately on each other ; consequently, 

if one wheel contains -60 teeth, and another 20 
14* 



162 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

teeth, the one containing 20 teeth will make 3 
revolutions while the other makes but 1. And if 
drums or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, the 
effect will be the same ; because their circumfer- 
ences, describing equal spaces, render their revolu- 
tions unequal ; from this the rule is derived, 
namely : 

Multiply the velocity of the driver by the 
number of teeth it contains, and divide by the 
velocity of the driven. The quotient will be the 
number of teeth it ought to contain. Or, multiply 
the velocity of the driver by its diameter, and 
divide by the velocity of the driven. The 
quotient will be the diameter of the driven. 

Example 4. — If a wheel that contains 75 teeth 
makes 16 revolutions per minute, require the 
number of teeth in another, to work into and make 
24 revolutions in the same time. 

According to rule, you multiply 16 by 75, and 
divide the product, which is 1200, by 24, and you 
have the answer) 50 teeth. 

Example 5. — Suppose a drum, 30 inches in 
diameter, to make 20 revolutions in a minute, re- 
quire the diameter of another to make 60 revolu- 
tions in the same time. 

According to rule, you multiply 20 by 30, and 
divide the product, which is 600, by 60, and you 
have for the answer 10 inches. 

Example 6. — A wheel 64 inches in diameter, 
and making 42 revolutions per minute, is to give 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 163 

motion to a shaft at the rate of 77 revolutions in 
the same time ; find the diameter of a wheel suita- 
ble for that purpose. 

According to rule, multiply 42 by 64, and 
divide the product, which is 2688, by 77, and you 
have for the Answer 35 inches nearly. 

77)2688(34j-2 
231 

378 
308 70 



Example 7. — Suppose a pulley 32 inches in 
diameter to make 26 revolutions, find the diameter 
of another to make 12 revolutions in the same 
time. 

According to rule, 26 x 32 -s- 12 = 69J— 
26 and 12)832 This will be seen to be 69 J 



32 



aq 4 — i 
vv is — 3 



832 

Example 8. — Find the number of revolutions 
per minute made by a wheel or pulley 20 inches 
in diameter, when driven by another 48 inches in 
diameter, and making 45 revolutions in the same 

time. 

According to rule, 48 x 45 ~ 20 = 108. 
That is, 48 multiplied by 45 = 2160, divided 
by 20)2160 gives the answer, 108 revolutions. 
~108 

A leather belt should have a velocity of about 
1300 feet per minute, and not more than 1800 
feet, or it will not last long. If the lightning 



164 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

pulley is used too strong, it increases friction in 
the gudgeons of the shaft, and prematurely de- 
stroys the belt. 



On Friction. 

We have considered the action and effect of 
the mechanical powers, giving the mathematical 
theory. 

If there were no such thing as friction, or rub- 
bing of parts upon each other, machinery would 
have greater power ; but it is allowed that nearly 
one fourth of the effect of machinery is destroyed 
by it. One professor of science writes that friction 
does not increase with the increase of rubbing 
power or surfaces ; or, in other words, however the 
magnitude of the surface of contact may vary, the 
friction will remain the same, so long as the pres- 
sure is unchanged. As the friction of one surface 
moving upon another is in exact proportion to the 
pressure with which the surfaces are verged 
together. 

Where no unguent is interposed, the friction of 
any two surfaces, whether at rest or at motion, is 
doubly the same as when they are pressed perpen- 
dicularly together. That is, where unguents are 
interposed, the friction depends upon the nature 
of the unguents, or upon the supply. For when 
wood on wood, wood on metal, or metal on wood, 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 165 

the unguents should be of hog's lard and olive oil. 
Tallow as an unguent, where metals run on metals, 
is not recommended ; it causing more friction than 
hog's lard. The best kind of metals for journal 
bearings is brass and cast-iron, as they produce 
the least friction without any unguent. 



Belting Friction. 

The friction by belting on pulleys is forty-seven 
for greased leather, when run on wood drums or 
pulleys ; fifty for dry leather on wood ; thirty- 
eight for oiled leather on cast-iron pulleys, and 
twenty-eight for dry leather on cast-iron pulleys. 

I believe the cast-iron pulley to be far superior 
to wood, not only for the friction being less than 
wood, but its durability ; and I think them less 
expensive. The face required to be turned off 
evenly and true. 

I believe the reason pulleys are often made of 
wood is that some of the millwrights are not expert 
in the calculation of machinery ; for, when made 
of wood, they can add or diminish the circumfer- 
ence, so as to run their proper speed. This cannot 
be done with the iron pulley. If their speed is in 
any way deficient, they must be replaced with new 
ones, causing heavy expense to the mill owner. 
I would say never to employ any one to build a 
new mill, except he is good at calculating the 
speed the machinery should run at. 



166 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



On the Strength of different Bodies. 

The strength of a body is that power which it 
exerts in opposing any force acting in a perpen- 
dicular direction to its length, as in the case of 
beams, levers, and so forth ; for the principles of 
which observe the following: The strength of 
beams, and so forth, is invariably as their length, 
and directly as their breadth, and square of their 
depth. And if cylindrical, as the cubes of their 
diameter. Thus, if a beam six feet long, two 
inches broad, a^d four inches deep, will carry 
2000 pounds, another beam, twelve feet long, two 
inches broad, and four inches deep, will only carry 
1000 pounds, being twice the length. 

Again, if a beam six feet long, two inches 
broad, and four inches deep, can support a weight 
of 2000 pounds, another beam of the same mate- 
rial, six feet long, four inches broad, and four inches 
deep, will support double that weight, being 
doubly as their breadth. But a beam of that same 
material, six feet long, two inches broad, and eight 
inches deep, will support a weight of 8000 pounds, 
being as the square of their depth. From experi- 
ments made to find the strength of various bodies 
of iron and wood, we will commence with one 
inch square, and one round bar of each, one foot 
long and loaded in the middle, which is nearly as 
follows, in pounds avoirdupois, as seen in the fol- 
lowing table : 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



167 



TABLE. 

American Woods. 



Names of bodies. 


Square bar. 


One third. 


Round bar. 


One third. 


Oak - - - 


700 


233 


530 


177 


Ash - - - 


800 


266 


635 


212 


Elm - - 


569 


189 


447 


149 


Pitch Pine - 


810 


270 


613 


204 


Pine - - - 


566 


189 


437 


146 


Cast-iron 


2580 


860 


2026 


675 


Wrought-iron 


4013 


1338 


3152 


1050 



To find the strength of any beam, supported in 
the middle and loaded at both ends ; or ; supported 
at each end and loaded in the middle. Also, 
when the weight is between the middle and the 
ends. Likewise, when fixed at one end and loaded 
at the other. 

Rule 1.— Multiply the strength of an inch 
square bar 1 foot long, as in the table, by the 
breadth and square of the depth in inches, and 
divide the product by the length in feet; the 
quotient will be the weight in pounds avoirdupois. 

Example 1. — What weight will break a beam 
of oak 4 inches broad, 8 inches deep, and 20 feet 
long between the supports ? 

According to rule, multiply the strength of an 
oak bar, 700 pounds, by the breadth, 4 inches, 
and multiply the product by the square of the 
depth, 8 inches, and divide by the length between 
the supports, 20 feet. 



168 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Thus : 700 x 4 x 8 2 -r 20 . . 700 

4 



2800 

8 

22400 

8 

20)179200 
8960 

Then we have for an answer, 8960 pounds 
avoirdupois. . 

Note. — Again, when a beam is fixed at one end 
and loaded at the other, it will only bear J of the 
weight as when supported at both ends and 
loaded in the middle. 

Example 2. — What is the weight requisite to 
break a pine beam 6 inches broad, 9 inches deep, 
and projecting twelve feet from the wall ? 

According to rule, multiply the strength of a 
pine bar, 566 pounds, by the breadth, 6 inches, 
and then multiply the product by the square of 
the depth, 9 inches, and divide by the length 
from the wall. 

Thus: 566 x 6 x 9 2 -=- 12 . . . 566 

6 

S396 
9 



30564 
9 

12)275076 

22923 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 169 

And we have for answer, 22923 pounds avoir- 
dupois. But, as note says, when loaded from the 
wall it will only bear J as much. We must divide 
22923 by 4, and the answer, 4)22923, \yill be the 
weight required. 57393 

Note. — The same rule applies, as well, to beams 
of a cylindrical form, with this exception, that the 
strength of a round bar is, as in the table, multi- 
plied by the cui>e of the diameter, in place of the 
breadth and square of the depth. 

Example 3. — Eequire the ultimate transverse 
strength of a solid cast iron cylinder, 12 feet long 
and 5 inches in diameter. 

According to rule, multiply the strength of a 
cast-iron bar (round), 2026, by the cube of the 
diameter, 5 inches, and divide by the length of 
the cylinder, 12 feet. 

Thus: 2026 x 5 3 -f- 12 2026 

5 

10130 
5 



50650 
5 

12) 253250 

21104 T \ 
And we have for the answer, 21104 pounds 
avoirdupois as the weight requisite. 



15 



170 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



Falling Bodies. 

Bodies descending freely by their gravity, in 
vacuo, or in a non-resisting medium, are subject 
to the following laws. Gravitating bodies attract 
each other with forces varying inversely as the 
squares of their distances. 

Their velocity is always in proportion to the 
time of their fall, and the times are as the square 
root of the distance fallen. It has been ascertained 
by experiment, that a body falling freely from rest 
will descend 16 J feet in the first second of time, 
and will then have acquired a velocity which, 
being continued uniformly, will carry it through 
82^ feet in the next second, and so on, in propor- 
tion to its fall. 



TABLE 

Of falling bodies in motion^ 



T3 +S 

O) 4) 
CO =2 

'S3 


| The velocity ac- 
quired by the 
fall in feet and 
parts per sec. 


Seconds of time 
that a body is 
supposed to be 
falling. 


Distance passed 
through, in said 
time, in feet and 
parts. 


Velocity per 
second required 
at the end of 
every second, in 
feet and parts. 


1 


8.1 


.125 


.25 


4. 


2 


11.4 


. 25 


1.01 


8.1 


3 


14. 


. 5 


4.05 


16.2 


4 


15.2 


. 75 


9.11 


24.3 


5 


18. 


1. 


16. 2 


32.4 


6 


19.84 


2. 


64. 8 


64.8 


7 


21.43 


a. 


145. 8 


97.2 


8 


22.8 


4. 


259.-2 


129.6 


9 


24.3 


5. 


305. 


162. 


10 


25.54 


6. 


583. 2 


194.4 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 171 



of the different gearings for propelling 
Machinery. 

A cog-wheel is the name for any wheel which 
has a number of teeth round its circumference. 
Wheels consist of a round piece of wood, iron, or 
other metal, which revolves on an axis. The 
wheel is one of the principal mechanical powers, 
and has an important place in machinery. The 
centre of a wheel is like the fulcrum of a lever, 
and a simple action nearly transfers the force on 
one side to the other side. 

The wheel and axle is a kind of lever, which has 
a continued motion about its fulcrum or centre of 
motion, where the power acts at the circumference 
of the wheel, whose radius may be round one arm 
of the lever, the length of the other arm being the 
radius of the axle on which the weight acts. If 
the power acts at the end of a handspike fixed in 
the rim of the wheel, then this increases the lever- 
age of the power by the handspike. 

The wheel and axle consist of a wheel having a 
cylindrical axis passing through its centre. The 
power is applied to the circumference of the wheel, 
and the weight to the circumference of the axle ; 
for the wheel and axle being nothing else but a 
lever so constructed as to have a continued mo- 
tion, since the velocity of any body on a lever 
depends upon its distance- from the fulcrum. If 



172 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

wheels can be so constructed as to diminish their 
velocity, then there will be power gained. 

Of all the modes of communicating motion, that 
most extensively used is the employment of wheel 
work, which is capable of varying its direction 
and velocity without any limit. Wheels are made 
to act sometimes by simple contact with each 
other; sometimes by the intervention of cords, 
straps, or chains passing over them. 

Wheels are denominated, spur, crown, or bevel, 
according to the direction or position of the teeth. 
Where the teeth of a wheel are made of the same 
material, and formed of the same piece, as the cir- 
cumference of the wheel, they are then called 
teeth ; when they are made of wood, or some 
other material, and fixed in the circumference of 
the wheel, they are called cogs ; in a pinion, they 
are often called leaves, and in a trundle, stares. 

Two wheels, acting upon one another in the 
same plane, are called spur gears ; when they act 
at an angle they are called bevel gears. If the 
teeth are perpendicular to the axis of the wheel 
and in the direction of its radii, it is called a spur- 
wheel ; if the teeth are parallel to the axis of th@ 
wheel, and, therefore, perpendicular to its frame, 
it is called a crown-wheel. Two spur-wheels, or 
a spur-wheel and pinion which work in one an- 
other, are always in the same plane, and have their 
axis parallel ; but when a spur and crown are in 
connection, their plane and axle are at right angles. 



AXI) engineer's guide. 173 

When the teeth are oblique to the plane or axis, 
it is called a beveled wheel, the use of which is to 
produce a rotary motion round another which is 
oblique to it. 

Teeth of wheels and pinions require great care 
and judgment in their formation, so that they 
neither clog the machinery with unnecessary fric- 
tion, nor act so irregularly as to produce any irregu- 
larity in the motion, and a consequent wearing of 
one part before another. The teeth of one wheel 
should press in a direction perpendicular to the 
radius of the wheel which it drives. As many 
teeth as possible should be in contact at the same 
time, so as to distribute the strain amongst them. 
By these means the teeth will be diminished 
during the action of one tooth on another. The 
direction of the pressure should remain the same, 
so that the effect may be uniform. The surface of 
the teeth, in working, should not rub one against 
the other, and should suffer no jolt, either at the 
commencement or termination of mutual contact. 
The breadth of the teeth should, in all cases, be 
four times their thickness. 

The spur-wheel, in principle, is that of two 
cylinders rolling on each other, with the shaft or 
axis truly parallel. Here the touching parts of the 
cogs move with equal velocity, and have but little 
friction. If these wheels are fitted with wood, the 
cogs should be fitted to fill the mortices, and 

made strong, or they will assuredly give by the 
15* 



174 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

stress of the work, and will cause those cogs that 
are coming into gear to touch the others too soon, 
and rub hard at entering. It is better for cogs to 
rub hard when they are coming out of gear than 
when coming in, as they then work with the grain 
of the wood ; whereas, at entering, they work 
against it, and will wear much faster. 

The cogs can be made as wide as is required, 
and their bearings may be large, that they will 
not cut, but polish each other and wear smooth. 

A pinion is a small wheel which has, in general, 
a small number of teeth. When two wheels are 
mated together, the smaller is called the pinion or 
wallower. 

The shafts cannot be changed from their first 
position in any of the wheels without detriment. 
When running, the pitch circle of these wheels 
should always meet exactly, and be rounded at 
the points. 

When building a mill, it is bad economy to use 
wheels of too small diameter or too light; this 
should be carefully avoided. Knowing the pres- 
sure of the teeth, you should not reduce the 
diameter of the wheel below a certain measure. 

The Crown or Face Gearing. — The prin- 
ciple of this gearing is that of two cylinders rolling 
with the side of one on the end of the other, their 
axles being at right angles. The greater the 
bearing and the less the diameter of the wheels, 
the greater will be the friction, because the touch- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 175 

ing parts move with different velocities; therefore 
the friction will be great. Their cogs standing 
parallel to each other, moving them a little out of, 
or in ; gear, does not alter the pitch of the bearing 
parts of the cogs, and they will run smoother than 
other gearing when their centres get out of place. 
If the bearing of the cogs be small, and the stress 
so great that they cut one another, they will wear 
exceedingly fast ; but if it be large and the stress 
light, that they only polish one another, they will 
last a long time. 

The principle upon which the bevel gears act is 
as that of two cones rolling on the surface of each 
other, their vertices meeting in a point, where the 
cogs of touching surface move with equal velocity 
in every part of the cones ; therefore, there is but 
little friction. These cones are indented or fluted ' 
with teeth, diverging from the vertex to the base, 
become bevel gear, the teeth being smallest at the 
point of the vertex of the cone. These wheels are 
often cast, and require, before they are run, that 
the teeth be made to their size and pitch, that they 
will work easy. These cogs may be given almost 
any width of bearing, as they will then wear a 
long time. By these wheels the shafts may be set 
in almost any direction desired to produce the 
necessary movements. They require to be kept 
of the right depth in gear, so that the pitch circles 
meet constantly, else they will not run smoothly. 

I would recommend, when building a mill, to 



176 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

have all the wheels of an equal diameter, or as 
near as you possibly can, so as to get up the re- 
quired speed. Large wheels working in small 
ones require a greater power to drive them, on 
account of friction. 

The pinion for driving the mill-stones should 
be of a large diameter ; I believe nearly one half 
the diameter of the spur-wheel. By so doing, the 
stones will run better, as well as all the machinery, 
without trembling, and will take less power. 

It is common with millwrights to put in small 
wheels for driving the bolts ; when this is done to 
a bolting chest, any one may know that it takes 
more power to drive them, as the leverage is small ; 
the power acting on the shaft or fulcrum. 

I believe these wheels should be of nearly the 
same diameter as the bolts ; this will give them 
leverage, and save a great deal of power to drive 
them. In some large wheels, I would recommend 
one of the wheels to be filled with wooden cogs ; 
they generally running better, and not so liable to 
break, and causing less tremor in the machinery. 

It is always admitted by mechanics that double- 
gearing diminishes power by the increased resist- 
ance to motion, as that of friction ; as the more 
machinery used for a given purpose, the more it 
tends to complication, and the increasing power 
causing agent friction. It should be admitted, 
also, that less power can be obtained by two en- 
gines than by one, while the velocity of the body 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 177 

moved remains the same ; and machinery requiring 
a different velocity, where the driving power is the 
same (as is the case in flouring mills, the motion 
being as varied as the different useful machines 
required in the manufacture of grain). Every 
part of the machinery should be as near as possi- 
ble to the first moving power ; thus producing a 
constant tendency to equilibrium in all machines 
requiring a great velocity, as the greater the dis- 
tance from the first moving power, the greater the 
resistance to motion, 

After the foregoing remarks, it will be natural 
that I offer some hints to instruct the miller, or 
others, how to fasten or hang a wheel so as tc- 
work correctly. Whenever it becomes loose on 
the axis, or requires altering, we are confident that 
all the machinery will feel the effects of the mo- 
tion when the wheel is hung untrue. If it can 
conveniently be done with a small wheel, the shaft 
should be taken down, and two pieces of wood cut 
out in the middle of the piece, in the form of a 
half circle, to correspond with the gudgeons — one 
of these pieces to be nailed to the top of a trestle, 
the other pieces to be nailed to one more trestle ; 
the gudgeons of the shaft to be laid in them — and 
the shaft secured so that it will not move endwise; 
put the wheel to its proper place on the shaft, and 
nail a board on the trestles ; if the shaft has four 
sides, stick a wedge in each, to hold the wheel in 
its position ; then number the four quarters of the 



178 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

wheel, such, as one, two, three, four; turn the 
wheel so that one of the numbers is even with the 
top of the board ; lay a straight strip of wood, one 
edge even with the quarter mark — say No. 1 — 
to correspond with the edge of the tooth at the 
outside of the rim of the wheel; make a point 
mark on the board ; then turn the wheel to the 
opposite quarter mark, No. 3, marking the edge of 
the slip on the board the same as the first. 

You then perceive which wedge or key wants 
altering. Turn the wheel to the two other quarter 
marks, 2 and 4, and alter the keys until the four 
marks meet in one point. Nail a piece of board 
near the front end of the cogs with the slip of 
wood, one edge being even with the length of the 
cog, and at its quarter mark. Mark on the board 
in the same way. First, these four marks should 
be made to correspond ; this is done by altering 
the keys, being careful not to drive the keys too 
hard, until the wheel is perfectly true, The keys 
or wedges should be of iron, and filed so that they 
will have a true bearing their whole length when 
finished. 

The pulley or driver is worked and made true 
the same as cog-wheels. It is best to have the 
pulleys made of iron, though they are in general 
made of wood. Their speed may be altered by 
enlarging or diminishing their circumferences, and 
they should always be made a little rounding in 
the middle of the circumference, to keep the strap 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 179 

from slipping. By the use of straps or belts, 
machinery may be made to run in almost any 
direction, from a horizontal shaft to a perpendicu- 
lar one ; this is by the strap being changed from 
its position by a tightening pulley, set at an angle, 
so as to lead the strap from the driving pulley to 
the leading one. 

I would recommend the shaft to be made round, 
of iron, and the wheels to be bored out and hung 
true at the foundry, having one key to fasten them. 
When correctly done, if they become loose they 
are easily fastened and put to their proper place, 
without varying from their first position. 



On matching Wheels to make the Cogs 
wear even. 

Great care should be taken in matching or 
coupling the wheels of a mill, that their number 
of coggs be not such that the same cogs will often 
meet; because, if two soft ones meet often, they 
will both wear away faster than the rest, and de- 
stroy the regularity of the pitch ; whereas, if they 
are continually changing, they will wear regularly, 
even if they be at first a little irregular. 

For finding how often wheels will revolve be- 
fore the cogs meet again, take the following : 

Rule. — 1. Divide the number of cogs in the 
greater wheel by the number of cogs in the lesser 



180 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

wlieel ; and if there be no remainder the same cogs 
will meet once every revolution of the great 
wheel. 

2. If there be a remainder, divide the number 
of cogs in the lesser wheel by the said remainder ; 
and if it divide them equally, the quotient shows 
how often the great wheel will revolve before the 
same cogs meet. 

3. But if it will not divide equally, then the 
great wheel will revolve as often as there are cogs 
in the small wheel, and the small wheel as often as 
there are cogs in the large wheel, before the same 
cogs meet. They never can be made to change 
more frequently than this. 

Example. — Wheels of 17 and 13 cogs. Ee- 

quired, how often each will revolve before the 

same cogs meet again. 

Thus: 13)17(1 
13, 

4)13(3 
12 

1 

Great wheel 13, and small wheel 17, revolutions. 
— Answer. 

Proof. — Large wheel turning has four more 
cogs than the small wheel ; therefore, 

1 time round is equal to 1 round, 4 cogs. 

2 times " " 2 rounds, 8 " 

3 " a " 3 " 12 " 

4 « « « 5 « 3 " 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 181 

5 times round is equal to 6 rounds, 4 cogs. 



6 

7 


It 

m 


a 
it 


it 
tt 


7 
9 


it 
it 


11 
2 


it 


8 


a 


a 


a 


10 


it 


6 


u 


9 


U 


it 


u 


11 


it 


10 


it 


10 


a 


a 


tt 


13 


it 


1 


ti 


11 


a 


a 


a 


14 


it 


5 


it 


12 


a 


it 


tt 


15 


tt 


9 


it 


13 


a 


a 


a 


17 


tt 


13 


it 



Thus, you see, the large wheel revolves 13, 
while the small one revolves 17 times before the 



same cogs meet again. 



Of Steam and the Steam Engine. 

Steam, as a power for propelling machinery, is 
one of the best and most useful now in use. T be- 
lieve it to be, in some instances, better than water ; 
for they can be built almost in any situation where 
there is plenty of fuel to be obtained ; besides, they 
may be run with nearly the same expense ; that is, 
x he breaking and repairing of dams, raising and 
ailing of the water in the streams, and so forth, 
causing the stoppage of the mill, and great loss of 
time. This is not the case with the steam mills, 
which can run nearly all the time. 

The following sized engine is sufficient to drive 
2 run of 4 feet mill-stones : 

One cylinder, 12 inch bore, length of stroke 3 J 
16 



182 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

feet, to be supplied with, steam from 2 boilers — 
double flues — 40 inches in diameter anc^ 30 feet 
long. Boilers and engines of this size will drive 
2 run of stones, with all the necessary machinery 
for flouring and custom work ; and a mill of this 
size, when properly constructed, will grind from 
100 to 130 barrels of flour per day. 

Steam, as applicable at present to the steam en- 
gine, is highly rarefied water, the particles of 
which are expanded by the absorption of caloric. 

Water rises in vapors at all temperatures, but 
is confined to the surface of the fluid acted upon 
until it has attained 212° Fahrenheit, called the 
boiling point ; at that heat steam ascends through 
it, presenting its elevation to a higher temperature 
by carrying the heat off in a latent form. 

The latent heat of steam at the common pressure 
of the atmosphere, according to accurate experi- 
ments, is found to be 1000° ; and that the sensible 
or thernometric heat = 212°. Now 212° — 32° 
=180°, and 1000° + 180° = 1180°; therefore, 
steam at 212° is highly rarefied water, containing 
1180° of heat; hence, to find the latent heat of 
steam at any other temperature, subtract the sen- 
sible heat from 1180, and the difference + 32° = 
the latent heat. 

Example, — Require the latent heat of steam 
whose sensible heat is 224° 



AND engineer's guide. 183 

Thus: 1180 — 224 + 32 = 988. 
224 956 

956 and "988 The answer 988° 
latent heat. 

One cubic inch of water produces about 1700 
inches of steam, at 212°, or the common pressure 
of the atmosphere ; but the boiling point varies 
considerably, according to the pressure of the sur- 
face on the fluid, and of course materially affects 
the density of the vapor produced; thus, in a 
vacuum, water boils at about 90° ; under common 
pressure, at 212° ; and when pressed with a col- 
umn of mercury 5 inches in height, will not boil 
until heated to 217° ; each inch of the mercury 
producing, by its pressure, a rise of about 1° in 
the thermometer. 



Of Engines — their Management, etc. 

It frequently occurs that men take charge of 
engines without having much practical experi- 
ence ; therefore, I think it requisite to mention, in 
this work, a few plain rules for their guidance; 
hoping they may derive benefit from them. 

Take out the piston, that there may be room to 
line the shaft of the fly-wheel and cylinder. First 
make the fly-wheel shaft in line with the centre of 
the upright shaft. It should then be levelled 
true, which is done as follows : fit a piece of board 



184 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

in the cylinder-head where the piston works. 
With the compass find the centre and mark it. 
Make one for the other end of the cylinder, as fol- 
lows : take two pieces of board of sufficient length, 
three inches wide, and one inch thick, placed 
straight and even ; lay them over each other, 
making a cross, each to be cut and joined in the 
middle, and made fast. "With the compass, one 
end in the centre, strike them off the same size 
that the circle of the inside of the cylinder is, 
fitting tightly; this is to fit in the end of the 
cylinder. Then make holes in the centres ; these 
should be larger than the line. Drive a piece of 
iron in the floor, and fasten one end of the line, 
which should be in the centre of the hole ; the 
other end should go through the cylinder and its 
centre. You then fit pieces of wood, even and 
true, in the collar on the wrist of the crank; 
divide it correctly, and find the centre, making a 
circular mark round the centre ; this should be 
correctly done. Then nail a strip of wood near 
the end of the cylinder timbers and to them. 
Hold one end of the line to correspond with the 
centre of the wrist. Drive a nail in the slip of 
wood to fasten the line to, which must be well 
tightened, and even with the centre of the wrist. 

The fly-wheel shaft must be set true by this 
line in the following manner : turn the crank until 
it is even and level with the cylinder timbers, to 
be under the line and near to it. If the centre on 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 185 

the wrist docs not correspond with the centre on 
the line, mark the difference on the collar or 
wrist : turn the crank to the opposite point, which 
will be above and near the line. If this centre 
does not correspond, mark the difference in the 
same way. Turn the crank up perpendicularly ; 
prove this by a plumb-bob. Hold the line even 
with the centre mark of the collar, the bob point- 
ing to the line. If it points on one side, you mark 
the difference on the collar. Turn the crank to 
the opposite point ; hold the line again even with 
the cylinder line ; if the bob points on one side of 
the collar centre, mark the difference on it. You 
then, from these marks, see which way the shaft 
needs moving to make it true, having each centre 
of the journal or collar corresponding with the 
cylinder line, and you can, by wedging, make it 
perfectly accurate. To line the cylinder is as fol- 
lows : with the compass find the centre in the end 
of the fly-wheel shaft, the one nearest the crank ; 
make a plain mark there ; the line being through 
the cylinder, the other end is stretched and made 
fast the same as the first line, only that it must 
correspond with the centre of the fly-wheel shaft. 
The crank or wrist should be at the centre part 
of the line, at the farthest extremity from the 
cylinder. The line should correspond and be near 
the centre on the collar or wrist, it being opposite 
and even with the centre of the shaft. If the 

cylinder is out of line, it may be seen by the line 
16* 



186 THE MILLEBj MILLWRIGHT 

bearing on one side of the centre holes in the 
cylinder. It is brought correct by moving the 
cylinder until the line is in the centre of the holes, 
not bearing on them in any way, and true, with 
the centre mark on the wrist and opposite the 
centre of the fly-wheel shaft. 

To set the slides so as to make them work easy, 
these should be set by the T head and its jaws or 
slides. This is done by cutting a piece of wood 
the same width that the jaws are apart ; plane it 
straight and smooth, three inches wide and one 
inch thick ; cut a square notch in each end half 
the thickness of the slides, and the same width the 
slides should be. The proper width is found by 
measuring the breadth of the T head. Find the 
exact centre between the notches which are at the 
bottom of the slip of wood; make a square mark 
there ; set this slip on the slides, the centre mark 
on the middle of the line ; move the slides close to 
the side of the notch ; change the slip to different 
parts of the slides. When the line and centre on 
the slip correspond, lay the level across each, 
making them true and out of wind ; they should 
then be screwed fast. 

The jaws should work even on the T head, and 
the same on the slides. These are set and altered 
by putttng in and taking out the packing — which 
is mostly leather— setting the cam true, to prevent 
the engine from back-lashing or vibrating. Firsts 
the steam -valve should be set true, as follows 



AXD engineer's guide. 187 

turn the fly-wheel slowly until the piston is at the 
extreme end of the cylinder ; measure the opening 
in the steam chest ; then turn the fly-wheel until 
the piston is at the other extreme end of the 
cylinder ; measure the opening ; alter the cam until 
the openings are equal. To prove if the cam is 
true, nail a piece of board on the floor near the 
outside of the rim of the fly-wheel ; turn the engine 
slowly until the valve in the steam chest is at the 
extreme end — this may be seen by watching it ; 
mark the rim of the fly-wheel even with the top 
of the board ; turn the engine the same way, until 
the side valve is at the other end of the steam 
chest, marking the rim as before ; then divide the 
space between these two marks and the dividing 
point, to correspond with the top of the board, 
and set the cams by them. 

Give the cam about one fourth of an inch lead. 
"When the above is correctly done, it will take off 
the vibration, and make the engine run well. 

To pack the cylinder or piston, plait some pack- 
ing yarn sufficiently tight that it will need driving. 
If cotton rope is convenient, I would recommend 
one coil put in first, driving it to fit tight ; then 
fill the remainder of the chamber of the piston 
with the plated yarn, driving it tight and full, 
leaving room for the nuts to go on the bolts ; 
screw the nuts evenly and alike until they are fast. 
The packing should be well soaked in beeswax 
and tallow before using it. 



188 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

I would recommend metallic packing as the 
best for the cylinder of an engine, as it is more 
durable and less expensive when in use. It will 
save the packing, and, also, a great deal of labor. 

The journals of the crank and the T head re- 
quire close watching. If they are loose in the 
boxes, or too tight, they will run badly ; thus, if 
tightened too much, they will heat and wear out 
the brass runners; if they are not sufficiently 
tight, there is *d anger of the keys flying out and 
breaking the engine. 

All the valves belonging to the engine should be 
ground in with emory, to keep them from losing 
either steam or water. Care should be taken of 
them, as they will wear. When you find them 
leak, they should be ground over again. If suf- 
fered to remain long, when leaking steam, there 
may be new ones wanted. 

The best kind of packing for the rest of the 
joints is metallic vulcanized rubber, commonly 
called rubber packing. This is prepared so that 
300° Fahrenheit will not affect it. No other sub- 
stance has so much elasticity which stands so high 
a degree of heat, or which may be used about all 
parts of the machinery, as this packing, where 
packing is necessary, namely : cylinder heads, 
mantrole plates, piston rods, steam chests, steam 
joints, stuffing boxes, etc. The common way 
that the joints were made u^3d to be with lead. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 189 

I do not think it necessary to explain this manner, 
as it will soon be out of use. 

The boilers require to be often cleaned out, and 
care should be taken to remove the scales and 
mud from adhering to the inside ; otherwise, if the 
scales are suffered to remain, the boiler will burn 
and want repairing. It is necessary to try the 
gauge-cocks often, to see if there is sufficient water 
in the boilers. There is great danger in running 
after the water is below the lowermost gauge- 
cock. The flues should be kept cleanly swept. 



Prevention of Incrustation in Steam 
Boilers. 

All water contains a greater or less amount of 
soluble substance. In evaporating a portion of 
the water, a part of this substance is precipitated, 
and forms a covering in the interior of the boiler, 
which adheres to the metal. I believe a universal 
remedy does not exist. Charcoal is recommended 
as the most useful. The charcoal should be made 
of hard wood, broken into lumps, of a quarter to 
a half an inch in size. The fine dust should be 
sifted out and thrown away. The quantity of coal 
is in proportion to the water the boiler evaporates, 
and in proportion to the amount of impurities 
contained in the water. It has a greater affinity 
for any thing that causes the scales or incrustation. 



190 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Two bushels of coal will protect a boiler of thirty 
horse power for three weeks ; when running ; after 
which the old coal should be removed and a fresh 
supply charged. By these means a boiler may 
be kept free from the sediment adhering to it. 

Another method of preventing incrustation in 
steam boilers is that of adding a very small quan- 
tity of muriate of ammonia to the water, which 
will have the effect of softening and disintegrating 
the carbonate of lime and other substances de- 
posited by the water during its evaporation. The 
metal, whether copper or iron, has been found, by 
experiments, to be unaffected by the action of the 
salt. The quantity used for this purpose is one 
pound of muriate of ammonia for every 1500 or 
2000 gallons evaporated. 

Another method which is often used, is the in- 
troduction of potatoes and other vegetable sub- 
stances, which will, in a great degree, prevent 
incrustation on the bottom and sides of a steam 
boiler; and animal substances, such as refuse 
skins, will accomplish it still more effectually. 



Double Engines. 

As fuel is one of the principal expenses in run- 
ning steam mills, it necessarily occurs that every 
owner of a steam mill wishes to manufacture with 
as little fuel as he possibly can. This cannot be 



AXD ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 191 

when there is a double engine to drive machinery; 
for experience teaches me fhat a double engine 
takes nearly one third more steam than the single 
engine, to do the same amount of work. Some 
millwrights put them into mills, thinking them to 
"be a steadier power. I can say, by experience, 
that a single engine, properly fitted up, with a 
large diameter fly-wheel, will far excel any double 
engine I ever saw run, and will not be as difficult 
to keep in working order. Besides, it will save a 
great deal of fuel. I have seen a great many 
double engines removed, and single ones put in 
their place ; if they were of any advantage, this 
would most certainly not be the case. A good 
experienced millwright will not recommend them. 
If he does, I would naturally think he knows but 
little of the action of steam or steam mills. 



The Fly- Wheel 

Is generally made, throughout the country, five to 
seven times as large in its diameter as the stroke 
of the engine. The weight of this wheel is vari- 
able, and depends on the speed of the engine, and 
the manner in which the steam works ; it is also 
regulated by the purpose for which the engine is 
intended. 

To find the weight of the rim or ring of a fly- 
wheel for an engine. 



192 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

Rule. — Multiply the constant number, 1368, by 
the given number of horse power that the engine 
is equal to, and divide the product by the diameter 
of the wheel in feet, multiplied by the number of 
revolutions per minute, and the quotient is the 
weight of the ring in hundred weights or nearly. 

Example. — Eequire the weight of the rim of a 
fly-wheel proper for an engine of 20 horse power; 
the wheel to be 16 feet in diameter, and making 
21 revolutions per minute. 

Thus: 1368 x 20 -~ 16 x 21. According to 
rule. 

1368 16 336)27360(81.42 

20 21_ 2688 • 

27360 by 336 480 

336 

144 nearly J, say 42. 
And we have for an answer, 81 hundred weights 
and y 4 ^-, or nearly; which, reduced to pounds, 
gives us 9114 pounds. For, in table, there are 112 
pounds to the hundred weight. 

Thus: 112 pounds 
81 

112 



9072 
Add 42 pounds. 

9114 " 
I have taken for example a 16 feet fly-wheel, 
weighing 9114 pounds, as many mills are so con- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 193 

str acted that a larger fly-wheel in diameter cannot 
be used, as the room is insufficient. We will sup- 
pose this fly-wheel, weighing 9114 pounds, to regu- 
late an engine necessary for a mill of that capachYy, 
to run two pair of four feet diameter mill-stones. 
The verge of the fly-wheel should have greater 
velocity than the verge of the mill-stone, from the 
fact of its being the leader. If it should be neces- 
sary to put an extra run of stone into the mill, it 
naturally occurs that it then requires a heavier 
rim to the fly-wheel. 

Having made my calculations for an extra run 
of stone, I believe the weight of the rim of the fly- 
wheel ought to be in proportion to the running- 
stone. We will suppose the running stone to 
weigh 1600 pounds ; this should be added to 9114, 
which would make the fly-wheel weigh 10714 
pounds for three run of mill-stones. I believe this 
will answer for any diameter fly-wheel, when an 
extra run of stones is required. Fly-wheels should 
be of as large diameter as you possibly can find 
room for; especially, when the motion of the 
engine is too slow to overcome the back-lash, so 
termed. They should always be the leader. If 
the verge of the fly-wheel does not out-travel the 
verge of the stone, it causes back-lash, making the 
husk frame tremble, and the machinery run badly. 
Eeason will tell any one that when the verge of 
the mill-stone outruns the verge of the fly-wheel, 

the stones are checked up, when the crank is at its 
17 



194 THE MILLER, MILL WEIGHT 

dead point, until the fly-wheel catches up, and this 
is at every revolution of the crank. I would not 
have written so much about the fly-wheel, but for 
this reason. I have seen, in my travels, many 
mills that have run badly, solely on account of the 
diameter of the wheel being too small to allow it 
to outrun the mill-stones. 

To make the engine do good work and run 
evenly, the fly-wheel should be properly balanced. 
This is done by weighing, as follows : the first 
wheel — the leader — should be taken out of gear, 
the caps taken off the journals and oiled. Divide 
the circumference of the rim of the fly-wheel into 
feet, making a plain mark with a sharp punch at 
each foot ; chalk each with its number of feet, and 
then fasten a chain above, and at" the outer side of 
the circumference of the fly-wheel, and hang a 
pair of steelyards to this chain. Then, with a 
string hitched to the rim of the fly-wheel, and 
having one of the punched marks corresponding 
with a stationary point near the rim, you move 
the weight on the steelyards until it moves the 
fly-wheel; mark on paper 'such weight. Continue 
thus weighing every two feet, marking the differ- 
ent weights. When it is all weighed, you will 
perceive the lighter parts, which deficiency can be 
remedied by filling with lead. When the fly is 
.thus 'correctly balanced, the engine, having no 
back-lash, will run better. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



195 



TABLE 

Of circumferences and areas of circles, in feet. Suitable for fly-wheels, etc., etc. 



Diam. 


Circum. 


Area 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


6 


18.849 


2S.274 


15 


47.124 


176.715 


24 


75.398 


452.390 


7 


21.991 


38.4S4 


16 


50-265 


201.062 


25 


78.540 


490.875 


8 


25.132 


50.265 


17 


53.407 


226.980 


26 


81.681 


530.930 


9 


28.274 


63.617 


18 


56.548 


254-469 


27 


84.823 


572.556 


10 


31416 


78.540 


19 


59.090 


283.529 


28 


87.964 


615.753 


11 


34.557 


95.033 


20 


62.832 


314.160 


29 


91.106 


660.521 


12 


37.699 


113.097 


21 


65.793 


346.361 


30 


94.248 


706.860 


13 


40.840 


132.732 


22 


69,115 


380.133 


31 


97.389 


754.769 


14 


43.982 


153.938 


23 


72.256 


415.476 


32 


100.531 


804.249 



A circle is a figure bounded by a curved line, 
called the circumference, every part of which is 
equally distant from a point within called the 
centre. The diameter is a straight line passing 
through the centre, and terminated both ways by 
the circumference. 

Rule. — To find the circumference of any given 
diameter, multiply the given diameter by 22, and 
divide by 7. 

Example. — Find the circumference of a wheel 

18 feet in diameter. According to rule, 18 X 22 4- 7. 

Thus: 18 
22 



36 




36 




396 and 7)396 


Feet. Parts. 


56| 


= 56. 548, which 



IS 

the answer. Or an example of 18 inches gives the 
same answer. 



196 the miller, millwright 

to calculate the effects of a lever and 
Weight upon the Safety-Valve of a 
Steam Boiler, etc. 

The lever, in all cases, is supposed to be made, 
finished, and balanced by a known weight or 
weights on the short end, making that point where 
it rests, or is attached to the valve, the centre of 
motion. Then that weight, added to the weight of 
the lever, is the effective weight upon the valve, 
independent of any other additional weight. 

Thus: 




There are three different ways that it may be 
required to calculate the levers. 

Way 1. — When a certain pressure may be required 
upon the valve, the distance of the weight upon 
the lever, and distance of the valve from the centre 
of motion given, to find what weight will be re- 
quired upon the lever at that distance. 

I will also give three different rules, to corres- 
pond with the aforesaid different ways. 

Utile 1. — From the required pressure on the 
valve, in pounds, subtract the weight of the valve, 
plus the effective weight of the lever; then mul- 
tiply the remainder by the distance between the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 197 

fulcrum and the valve ; divide the product by the 
distance between the fulcrum and weight, and the 
quotient is the weight in pounds, required to be 
placed upon the lever at that distance. 

I will also give three examples, to illustrate the 
three ways and rules. 

Example 1. — Suppose the lever A B (as in cut) 
to be twenty-four inches (2-1) in length, and the 
valve C placed five inches (5) from the centre of 
motion A, what weight must be placed upon the 
lever, twenty inches (20) from A, to equal 80 
pounds ; on the valve C, the weight of the lever 
being 2 pounds ; the weight D, which balances the 
lever, 4J pounds, and the weight of the valve 3 
pounds. According to rule, 80 — 3 + 6.5 x 5 
-*- 20. 
Thus: 3 + 6.5 = 9.5^80. 70.5 20)352.5 

3 9.5 then .5 then "~17~625 

70.5 352.5 
In the division, we have ^ remaining, which is 
equal to nfu- And we have for the answer 17 
pounds, 625 thousandths of a pound. 

Way 2. — When a certain pressure upon the 
valve is required, the weight upon the lever and 
distance of valve from the centre of motion given, 
to find where that weight must be placed. 

Rule 2. — From the required weight upon the 
valve, in pounds, subtract the weight of the valve, 
plus the effective weight of the lever ; multiply 
the remainder by the distance between the fulcrum 



198 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

and the valve ; divide tlie product by the weight 
in pounds upon the lever, and the quotient is the 
distance, in inches, from the fulcrum that the 
weight must be placed. 

Example 2. — Suppose, as in the last example, 
the weight upon the lever equals 17.625 pounds, it 
is required at what distance from A the weight 
must be placed to equal 80 pounds at C. According 
to rule, 80-3 + 6.5 x 5-f 17.625. 

Thus: 3 + 6.5=9.5 tuen 80. lbs. 70.5 

j^_ 9.5 the n .5 17.625 (352-500 

70.5 "352.5 then ~20 

And we have for the answer, 20 inches. 

Way 3. — When the distance of weight, distance 
of valve from the centre of motion, and weight 
upon the lever are given, to find what pressure is 
upon that valve. 

Rule 3. — Multiply the weight in pounds, upon 
the lever, by the distance, in inches, to the fulcrum ; 
divide the product by the distance between the 
fulcrum and the valve, and the quotient, plus the 
weight of the valve and effective weight of the 
lever, will equal the weight upon the valve, in 
pounds. 

Example 3. — Suppose, as before, that a weight 
of 17,625 pounds is placed upon the lever, 20 
inches from A, require the pressure at C ; the dis- 
tance from the centre of motion being 5 inches, 
and the effective weight of the lever, at that point, 
equals 6 J pounds ; also, the weight of the valve 3 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE.. 199 

pounds. According to rule, 17.625 x 20 -r- 5 + 

3 + 6.5. 

Thus: 17.625 

20 then 5)352.500 70.5 

352.500 70.5 then 3. 

6.5 

8O0 lbs. the ans. 

Note. — It is generally supposed by mechanics 
that there is a pressure of atmospheric air of 14 
pounds on the square inch. Therefore, as there 
can be no air in the boiler, this pressure must be 
on tTje top of the valve, which I have not accounted 
for in my calculations. 



Of the Side Valve. 

The lead of the valve (as it is termed by en- 
gineers) is a certain distance that the extremity of 
the eccentric must be in advance of the crank, so 
that the valve may be open, as required, when the 
piston is at the top or bottom of the cylinder, for 
this reason : at the return of the stroke ; the steam 
in the cylinder may be of or nearly an equal 
density with the steam in the boiler ; consequently, 
the nearer that the length of the aperture is to the 
area of the cylinder, the less lead is required. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the cylinder's 
diameter, in inches, by .002, and divide the pro- 
duct by the length of the aperture, also in inches ; 



200 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

the quotient will be the width that the valve must 
be open when the piston is exactly at the top or 
bottom of the cylinder. 

Example. — Let a cylinder be 30 inches in diam- 
eter, with an aperture 12 inches long. . 

Thus : 30 2 x .002 -4- 12 = .15 parts of an inch 
for the aperture to be open at the return of the 
stroke. 

Suppose a cylinder 48 inches in diameter, with 
an aperture 16 inches long, and another 24 inches 
in diameter, with an aperture 8 inches long ; it is 
evident that, although both apertures bear the 
same proportion to the diameter of the cylinder, 
and both valves move the same distance, the 48 
inch cylinder would be twice as long in filling with 
steam as that of the 24 inch would be ; for a cylinder 
twice the diameter is four times the area. Proof, 
48 2 -f- 16, and the product, divided by 24 2 -4- 8 = 
2 times, or twice as long. 48 16)2304(144 

48 16 





384 70 
192 and 64 


24 

24 8)576(72 
96 56 
48 and 16 then 


2304 64 

72)144(2 times, the ans. 
144 



then 576 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 201 



Boilers. 

The form of boilers has undergone frequent 
alterations since the first application of steam. 

I find a great many are now using boilers with 
five or more flues in them. These will do for 
locomotives, or when there is not sufficient room 
or not space enough for land engines. 

I would not recommend any one, having suffi- 
cient -room, to use boilers with more than two or 
three flues ; for if there are more, the mill owner 
will regret it, after using them awhile. First, 
their cost is considerably more. Second, their 
durability is less. And thirdly, the increased 
danger of explosion by the collapsing of the flues. ' 
I believe, when the engineers have not been used 
to boilers having a number of flues in them, there 
is great danger of a collapse, as the foam these 
flues cause often deceives him ; for, by trying the 
gauge-cock, the foam leads him to believe that there 
is plenty of water in the boiler, often causing an 
explosion. 

I would much rather have two short boilers 
than one long one, on account of having more fire 
surface ; it being always necessary to have as much 
fire surface as possible, to make the best use of the 
fuel ; as the hotter the furnace is kept, the less fuel 
it- takes to do the same amount of work. Besides, 
when there is a large furnace it gives the fireman 



202 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

a better chance to keep the steam regular; for 
when cleaning out one part of the furnace, he can 
keep a hot fire in the other, so that the steam will 
remain regular. 

This cannot be done with one long, five or six 
flued, boiler ; as when the great bars have to be 
cleaned, the steam is gone, causing a loss of time 
and great trouble. 

A boiler 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, 
will afford 30 x 3 x 3.14 ~- 2 = 141.30 square 
feet of surface, or steam for 14 horse-power, if 10 
feet are assumed for one horse-power. 

In setting a boiler, you should make arrange- 
ments in the furnace to carry on combustion under 
the highest possible heat. This requires good 
non-conductors of heat, such as brick, with which 
to surround the fire. If these bricks are of a 
white color, the combustion is more perfect than if 
of a dark color. The roof, as well as the sides, -of 
the furnace should be of white fire-brick, if you 
would secure a good combustion. A good brick 
roof over the fire, and between it and the boiler, 
better secures a perfect combustion than any other. 

It is of advantage to have the grate surface 
rather too large than too small. For each horse- 
power of the engine there ought to be at least one 
square foot of grate. If there are three square 
feet to each horse power it will be better. The 
spaces may be narrower between the bars for wood 
and pure coal than for impure and sulphurous 



and engineer's gl t ide. 203 

coal, as the clinkers adhere to the grate bars, and 
diminish the access of fresh air. 

The firing should be attended to, so that the 
most steam can be made out of the least fuel. The 
bars should be eighteen or twenty inches below 
the boiler or crown of the furnace. The fire 
should be kept thin and open, and supplied 
sparingly and frequently, to allow the air to enter 
between the bars, for the better combustion of the 
inflammable gases. The bars should slope down- 
ward toward the back part, about half an inch to 
the foot. The ash pit under the fire should be 
often cleaned out and not suffered to accumulate ; 
otherwise it will stop the draft and burn out the 
bars, taking more fuel. 

Thus, the gases produced in the furnace are 
led under the boiler, and are frequently returned 
in a pipe or pipes which pass through the boiler. 
Chambers are generally used, or partitions between 
the walls. These partitions should be about six 
or seven feet apart, made nearly up to the boiler. 
As the smoke or heat passes over these bridges it 
will pass into these chambers ; by so doing they 
will save considerable fuel, the heat not escaping 
up the chimney. The chambers under the boiler 
are of great effect in forcing the air into a turbu- 
lent mixing motion, and induce its contact with 
the boiler. Gas at rest, or moving in a close 
column, conducts heat poorly ; but if in*a disturbed 
condition, it is a very efficient conductor. 



204 the miller, millwright 

Chimneys. 

This is a subject that cannot be fully treated 
upon, as their locations are very different. I shall 
give a few plain hints on this subject, as follows: 
the first object of a chimney is to produce a draft ; 
that is, a current of fresh, dry, atmospheric air 
through the coals in the grate. This draft is pro- 
duced by the specific gravity of the air inside and 
outside of the chimney. The atmospheric air out- 
side, if not as variable as the gases inside, is still 
subject to continual changes in composition, 
density, and motion. Moisture, temperature, and 
currents of air cause a disturbance in the current 
motion in a chimney. 

The walls of a chimney should be made thick 
and tight, and painted white inside, as it is then a 
non-conductor of heat. 

There is one object which requires very par- 
ticular attention, and which must be of a certain 
size to produce the best effect; and that is, the 
flue leading from the boiler to the chimney. 

A great many mills are built with a deficiency 
in the height of the chimneys. I have seen several 
that were too low, having but a small draft. If 
they were built higher they might have sufficient 
draft. Every chimney should be built several 
feet above the top of the mill-house, so that there 
is no obstruction to break the air from the top of 
the chimney. 



and engineer's guidl. 205 

It often occurs that steam mills arc built in 
cities, and there is no room to blow the dirt and 
chaff outside from the smut-mill, without annoying 
the neighbors. When this is the case, you 'can, 
through a trough or pipe, blow it into the ash-pit, 
under the grate-bars. Besides, when the draft is 
insufficient, it will remedy the draft considerably. 



Explosion of Boilers. 

• 

Explosion has been assigned to a variety of 
causes. The most of the explosions occur when 
the boiler has been at rest, and the generation of 
steam is sudden ; or may happen when the capacity 
of a boiler for evaporation is tasked beyond its 
limits ; the causes of explosion are, in both cases, 
about the same. In the former, it is the steam at 
rest during the interval of stoppage ; in the latter, 
it is the highly urged fire. If the accumulated 
heat in the metal is the cause of explosion, we 
should prevent that accumulation, which is done 
by not overloading the boiler. When the engine 
is at rest, it is best to let a small portion of steam 
escape ; this will keep the steam and water in the 
boiler in motion, and avert the danger arising 
from a state of rest. 

The explosion mostly occurs when the water is 
low in the boiler ; the cold water coming in con- 
tact with the iron when nearly red hot. If the 
18 



206 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

steam and water are at rest, the metal surface is 
covered with a layer of steam at rest, which may 
extend below the surface of the water. In case 
the engine is not at work, the safety-valve should 
be opened ; not for the purpose of reducing pres- 
sure; but to produce motion. 



On the Construction of Mill-Dams. 

Mill-dams entail a heavy expense in keeping 
them in repair, when not constructed properly, or 
when poor materials are used. In building dams, 
some builders prefer stone, some frame or log, and 
others clay and brush. I will give a few plain 
hints for building mill-dams. I feel fully satisfied 
this might have been treated upon by more expe- 
rienced mechanics than n^self. As no work that 
I have seen has treated upon mill-dams plainly, I 
will give a few plain hints, which I hope may 
prove beneficial. When building a dam, you 
should select the most suitable place. If you can, 
conveniently, place it across the stream, near a 
rock bluff, so that the ends of the dam may run 
into the bluff. This will prevent the water from 
running by at the ends of the dam. 

In building a mill-dam, great care should be 
taken to have it built strong. If this is not so, 
they are breaking up often, entailing a heavy ex- 
pense for years, disheartening the owner, and often 



AND ENGINEER^ GUIDE. 207 

proving his ruin. I have seen several dams broken 
or washed away by heavy floods when the mill 
has been running ; stopping the mill for a long 
time, and costing nearly as much work in repair- 
ing as building a new one. 



Eock-Dam. 

A rock-dam I believe to be the best in use, if 
there is sufficient rock near for building materials, 
and with a rock bottom to the stream. In build- 
ing a rock-dam, if the bottom of the stream is not 
composed of rock, you should dig a trench in the 
bottom, deep enough, so that the water cannot 
undermine it. This should be the same as if you 
were building the foundation of a large building. 
The Avail to be built should be of a small, circular 
form, so that the back of the circle should be at 
the front, or next to the body of water, which may, 
by its pressure, tighten it. 

To secure the water from breaking or leaking 
through at the ends of the dam, dig a ditch deeper 
than the bottom of the river; then fill this with 
small pieces of rock, and pour in cement. This 
cement is made of hydraulic cement, and is made 
of one of hydraulic to five of pure sand. This 
may be made in a tub and poured in ; this will 
stop all the crevices, so that the water will not 
break through. 



208 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

By building a rock-dam, if properly managed, 
it will be perfectly tight. I would recommend 
you to use as large rock as you conveniently can 
move ; building this wall from four to six feet 
thick, according to the length of the dam, with 
jams or buttresses every place where they are 
needed to strengthen it. I would make true 
joints to these rocks, especially on the ends, so 
that they may join closely together. When you 
have the outside walls laid in cement, for every 
layer fill the middle up with pieces of small rock, 
pouring in your grout, so that there may not be a 
crevice but what is filled. If there is any small 
crevice or small hole left open, the water will 
break through, wearing it larger and larger. If 
the stream is wide and large, affording a great 
body of water, it is necessary to build the dam in 
two sections, which should be divided by a waste- 
way, necessary for the waste or surplus water to 
run over to keep the head in its proper place or 
height. Let each section, next to where the water 
is to be run over, be abutments, built to strengthen 
the dam. The last layer of rock, on the top of 
where the waste water runs over, should project 
five or six inches over the back of the dam; so 
that the water will not undermine the dam. This 
last layer should be of large rocks, and jointed true ; 
then laid in hydraulic cement, in proportion of one 
of cement to three of sand. When the dam is built, 
the front should be filled up with coarse gravel or 



AND engineer's guide. 209 

clay ; this is best done with teams, as the more it 
is tramped the more durable it will become. 

The gate for letting the water into the mill-race 
should be nearly six feet, more or less ; this de- 
pends on the amount of water necessary. This 
gate should be made of two or two and a half inch 
plank ; the joints to be perfect, or even-fitted, so 
that the water cannot run through. As the pres- 
sure is great, the bottom of the race, where this 
stone wall is built, should be secured with plank, 
to prevent the water from running underneath the 
gate. I would not recommend any mill to be 
built close to the stream of water, for this reason : 
they are in danger of being carried away by 
heavy floods. Besides, by digging a race, you can 
build them where they are easy to be got at, 
giving better roads, with plenty of room. 



Frame Dams. 

I now give a few plain hints on frame dams, as 
there are many situations where the stone dam 
cannot conveniently be built ; besides, in many 
places the frame dam will be built cheaper than 
the rock dam. In building a frame dam, com- 
mence with a good foundation; laying the first 
sills in the bottom, of sufficient depth. These sills 
should be made of large, square timbers, that will 
last in the water without rotting. The bottom 
18* 



210 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

made secure, so that the water cannot undermine 
or leak through. I have always found the musk- 
rat the most troublesome of any thing there is to 
contend with, as they will destroy almost any race 
or dam, if not properly secured. They are the 
miller's worst enemy, and should be every one de- 
stroyed. When you commence building a frame 
dam, where there is a soft foundation, the bottom 
should first be made level ; then dig trenches for 
the mud-sills, about seven or eight feet apart, 
which are laid lengthwise of the stream, and some 
ten or twelve feet long. Into these first sills other 
sills should be framed, and put crosswise of the 
stream, some six or eight feet apart, to reach as far 
across the stream as necessary. Then two outside 
sills should be piled down with two-inch plank, 
driven down to a depth of four or five feet, If' 
this can be done conveniently, they are to be 
jointed as closely as possible. It would be better to 
line with some stuff about three fourths or one 
inch thick. Then, with posts their proper length, 
about twelve or fourteen inches square, w r hich 
should be framed into the uppermost sills, in both 
sides, and all the way across the dam, from bank 
to bank, at a distance of six feet apart. Then, 
with braces to each post, to extend two thirds of 
the length of the post, where they should be joined 
together with a lock, instead of a mortise and 
tenon, with an iron bolt of one or one and a 
quarter inches in diameter, going through both, 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 211 

and tightened with a screw and nut. When 
mortises and tenons are used, they often become 
rotten and useless in a few years. These braces 
should be set at an angle of about fifty or sixty 
degrees, with the other end mortised into the mud- 
sill. These braces require to be of about eight to six 
inches, and as long as you find necessary. Being 
covered with the dirt, it will not decay for a long 
time, as the air is excluded. These posts should 
be capped from one to another, plate fashion. 
The posts should be lined with two or two and a 
half inch plank on the inside, and pinned to the 
post, and should, in the middle, be filled with dirt. 
If the stream is wide, and affords a good deal of 
water, I would recommend the clam to be built in 
two sections, which should be divided by a waste- 
way for the surplus water, which should be in the 
centre of the dam. and sufficient for all the waste 
water to run over. Let each section of the dam 
form an abutment next to the waste-way ; placing 
cells or sills four feet apart, the length of the 
waste- way ; in each of these sills posts should be 
framed, with a brace for the sides. These rows of 
posts, standing across the dam, will form the 
sectional abutments ; the middle one may be con- 
structed by being lengthwise of the stream, with 
short braces, so that they will not be in the way 
of drift-wood passing down the stream ; it being 
necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then 
cover the sills with an apron of two -inch plank 



212 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

joined perfectly straight, to extend thirty or forty 
feet below the dam, to prevent the undermining of 
the dam. The planks which are used for the 
purpose of lining the posts, which form the abut- 
ments of each section of each dam, and the ends 
of the waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to 
prevent any leakage.* The dam being built, the 
dirt should be filled in with teams, as the more it 
is tramped the better. Clay or coarse gravel is 
the best. Then place your gates on the upper side 
of the waste-way, the size that is necessary to a 
level with low-water mark ; which gates are not 
to be raised, except in times of high- water, as the 
proper height of the mill-pond should be regulated 
by boards placed over the gate for the desired 
head, as the water should be allowed to pass at all 
times freely over them. Flumes are built from 
the race to the water-wheel for an overshot, breast^ 
or other kind. First, you place two large sills for 
the outside of the flume for its bearing ; then cut 
notches in them, about fifteen or eighteen inches 
apart ; have square timber, six or seven inches 
for the bottom, made straight and out of wind. 
Then set posts the length you require, about seven 
by four inches. These are to be mortised in the 
sills, and should all be set evenly, so that the plank 
will fit them all alike. These planks should be 
from two to two and a half inches thick, and free 
from knots or cracks. These are to be planed and 
jointed, so that they will not leak ; then fit them 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 213 

closely and spike them down ; commencing with 
the bottom first. When finished, plank the sides 
in the same way. The sides to the flume should 
be so high that the water cannot run over the top. 
It will be requisite to dig a trench in front of the 
flume, longer than the race, and some two feet 
wide. This is to be deep enough, so that the 
water cannot run under the flume, or its sides. 
Fill this trench with brick, laid in hydraulic 
cement, or with rock broken up and put in. Then 
pour in grout, hydraulic, and sand. In all cases, 
you require the hydraulic cement to be of the best 
quality, and the first class, as there is a great deal 
used that is worthless. 

There should be a gate in front of the flume, to 
be placed so that the water may be entirely shut 
out of the flume. This is entirely necessary when 
any repairs are required. Some small distance 
from the gate it is best to place a rack, to prevent 
the trash from lodging, or going to the wa/ter- 
wheel ; for, by so doing, it will often save a great 
expense. To strengthen the dam, if you think 
necessary, two-inch plank may be used in lining 
the front side of the dam, long enough to reach 
from the bottom of the stream (on an inclined 
plane, and next to the body of water) to the top 
of the dam, and filled up nearly to the top of 
the dam with clay or gravel, well trampled 
down. 

I think it necessary to have all dams built with 



214 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

a small circle to them; the back of the circle 
always being next to the body of water. It 
tightens them by the pressure of water against 
them, they are not so liable to leak, and are con- 
siderably stronger. 



Brush or Log Dam. 

In small, muddy streams, these dams are very 
often used. I believe the proper way, and 
cheapest, when the bottom of the stream is of a 
soft texture, is, take a flat-boat where you want to 
fix your dam, and drive piles the whole length of 
the stream, about three or four feet apart, as deep 
as you can. Take young oak saplings, pointed 
at the end, for the purpose. If you can, con- 
struct a regular pile-driver, similar to those in use 
for making trestle-work on the railroads. 

This weight may be pulled up with horses, in- 
stead of an engine. When you have finished 
driving piles, make some boxes or troughs of two 
or three-inch plank, about three feet wide, and as 
long as the plank is. Sink these in the water, the 
length of the dam, close to the piles, by loading 
them with rock, until they are at the bottom of 
the stream, filling in the front part of the dam with 
dirt and brush nearly to the height you want it, 
I believe this will be a permanent dam, and will 
last a long time. 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 215 

Some dams are made with loose rocks, logs, etc.; 
but I think them not worth muck. Therefore, I 
will say but little respecting them ; only, when 
there is a small break in the dam or race, I never 
found any thing better than cutting up some 
willows and brush, putting that in the break, with 
straw and dirt, and ramming it down with clay ; it 
is better than dirt. 



Gates. 



The form of a gate can never be too simple, as 
complicated constructions should be avoided, as 
gates are liable to be obstructed, in time of floods, 
by drift-wood, ice, etc., etc. ; and if there is much 
machinery about it, vexations, detentions, and often 
serious damages arise from it. Gates made of oak, 
simply in the form of square boards, fitting well 
in their seats, are the cheapest and most practical 
form of gates. If they can be permanently sub- 
merged, their utility is still increased. Cast-iron 
gates, no matter how well constructed, are gen- 
erally too heavy to be manageable ; and, besides, 
are liable to break. 

We will suppose a sliding gate to be made of 
oak plank, two inches thick, three feet wide, and 
three feet high, when made with its centre five 
feet below water. How much force is required to 
lift the gate ? The weight of the gate is equal to 



216 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

one and a half cubic feet of oak wood ; it is to be 
always submerged in water, and its weight is 
nearly equal to the displaced water. The pressure 
of the water upon its centre is 60 ; this, multiplied 
by 5, then by 3, and then by 3, gives the weight. 
Thus: 60 x 5 = 300 x 3 = 900 x 3 = 2700 
pounds, the answer. 



Description of Water- Wheels. 

In water-wheels, the motion is generally ob- 
tained from the water by obstructions in its 
progress, or by moveable buckets being placed in 
its descent, and is one of the steadiest and best 
powers for propelling machinery. Water-wheels 
have various denominations, according to the 
manner in which they are constructed, such as the 
overshot, breast, and other water-wheels. 

In the overshot wheel, the water acts on the 
wheel by its weight ; it is delivered from the spout 
as high on the wheel as possible, that it may con- 
tinue to press the buckets the longer down. • The 
overshot wheel is also the most advantageous ; as, 
from the same quantity of water, it gives a greater 
power. But they cannot be always used, the fall 
being too small ; in which case, recourse is had to 
the breast wheel. The overshot wheel is furnished 
with buckets, so constructed that they shall retain 
as much as possible of the water, from the time 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 217 

they receive it, until they arrive at the lowest 
point, where each bucket should be emptied; 
since, if any water be carried by the buckets in 
their ascent, it will just be so much unnecessary 
weight that the wheel has to lift. It should hang 
clear of the tail water ; otherwise, the water will 
be drawn back under it. The head should be, 
generally, about three feet ; it will then spout one 
third faster than the wheel moves. The shute 
should have three inches fall, and be made so that 
the water will run in the centre of the wheel; 
also pieces of wood or leather nailed on the slide, 
to keep the water from being wasted on the slides 
or runs of the wheels. 

The proper motion of the wheel should be 
from three to four feet per second for all diameters 
of wheels. If these wheels are run too fast, there 
is a great loss of power, not having the full weight 
of the water. There should be a penstock or 
sluice to regulate the quantity of water and pre- 
vent waste ; since, if the water was permitted to 
flow too rapidly, and splash out of the buckets 
instead of filling them, it would run down over 
the surface of the wheel without producing its 
proper effect. To prevent this, the water is 
seldom permitted to run on to the wheel in a 
stream of more than from half an inch to an inch 
in thickness; and when well regulated, there is 
scarcely a drop of water ineffectually wasted. 
The overshot-wheel, therefore, acts by the gravity 
19 



218 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

or weight of the water contained in the buckets, 
for nearly one third of its circumference. If the 
dimensions, quantity of water, and height of fall 
be the same, the overshot wheel will produce 
double the effect of any other wheel. As the 
overshot-wheel depends entirely on the weight of 
water which falls into the buckets, these latter 
should be as capacious as they conveniently can 
be made ; not only that they contain as much 
water as possible, but allow ample room for the 
discharge of the air that will be thrown into them 
by the water, as well as by the ready discharge of 
that water when done with. 

Great attention should be paid to mills, in their 
construction, to have the size of the water-wheel 
proportioned to the velocity of the stream and 
speed of the work it is required to perform ; and 
this may always be accomplished, without waste 
or difference of power, by using a wider wheel of 
smaller diameter, when rapid speed is required; 
or a narrow wheel of great diameter, where this is 
not essential. In every case, the full power of the 
stream should be taken advantage of, in the first 
case, in constructing a mill ; because it is a trouble- 
some and expensive operation to increase the 
power of a mill when once built, and power is 
always valuable. 

The wheel should be kept equally balanced, 
otherwise the power is not so steady. To effect 
this, when the mill is stopped for a time, the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 219 

machinery should be taken out of gear, and a 
small quantity of water let on the wheel to keep 
it moving, which will keep it equally wet all over, 
and not (as it is called) lopsided, and in balance. 

The water should spout into the buckets as soon 
as they have passed the perpendicular centre of 
the shaft. There should always be placed a rack 
or grating in the shute, to prevent pieces of timber 
or wood from running on the wheel, breaking out 
the buckets, or doing it any other damage. This 
rack needs to be often cleaned, as the weeds or 
other substances collecting will prevent the water 
running to the wheel, thereby stopping the mill, 
or making the power irregular. The miller, 
therefore, should occasionally examine the wheel, 
to see if any of the buckets or floats are broken or 
loose ; if so, they should be repaired immediately ; 
for if they be permitted to run when breaking, 
they often entail a heavy expense. The gudgeons 
should be kept from heating by laying pieces of 
bacon on them ; if that will not effect it, run a 
small quantity of water on them. 

When building a water-mill, I would recom- 
mend a shaft that is made of iron, as they are 
more durable and cheaper in the end than those 
made of wood. In most of the cities where 
steamboats are built or repaired, these shafts 
are found, and, by a little alteration, will an- 
swer for the water-wheel shaft ; they mostly hav- 
ing the flanges on them, which may be moved 



220 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 

to suit. The arms may be fitted in for the rims 
to rest on. I think one other great advantage is, 
in the winter the ice will not adhere to them, sav- 
ing a great deal of labor, even if you should have 
a new shaft (of iron). I believe the expense will 
not be more than a wooden shaft. 

In lining the water-wheels, whether overshot, 
breast, or undershot, care should be taken to have 
the joints of boards or planks made perfectly 
straight and closely fitted, so that the water cannot 
leak through these joints; if it does, in the winter 
the ice will accumulate inside the water-wheel, 
causing a great deal of trouble, and making the 
wheel run badly, it being lopsided. 



Of Non-elasticity and Fluidity in Impin- 
ging Bodies. 

Water, falling 4 feet, and striking a horizontal 
plane with 16 feet 2 inches velocity, will cast some 
few drops to the distance of 9 feet, allowing 1 
foot to be lost by friction, etc., which we suppose 
take their direction at an angle of 45 degrees; 
because a body, projected at an angle of 45 de- 
grees, has the greatest possible horizontal range. 
A body, falling 4 feet, its acquired velocity, 16 
feet 2 inches, at 45 degrees, will reach 16 feet hor- 
izontal range, or 4 times the distance of the fall. 
By this rule, J of 10 feet, 'equal to 2.5 feet, is the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 221 

fall that will produce the velocity necessary to this 
effect. On an undershot water-wheel, the water 
can be of no further service in propelling it, after 
the first impulse. It should escape freely after 
the first stroke. 



Motion of Overshot Wheels. 

I find, by different mechanics, the circumference 
of overshot wheels, geared to mill-stones, grinding 
to the best advantage, should move 550 feet in a 
minute; and that of the stones, 1375 feet in the 
same time. That is, while the wheel moves 12, 
the stones move 30 feet, or in the proportion of 2 
to 5. 

Then, to find how often the wheel we propose 
to make will revolve in a minute, take the follow- 
ing rule. First find the circumference of the 
wheel by multiplying the diameter of the wheel 
by 22, and divide the product by 7. Thus : sup- 
pose the diameter to be 16 feet; then 16, mul- 
tiplied by 22, gives 352 ; which, divided by 7, 
gives 50| for the circumference. And to find the 
number of revolutions, we divide 550 by 50| 
which gives us 11 revolutions. 

Thus : 16 x 22 -r- 7, and 550 ~- 50} = answer. 
22 



32 
32 then 7)352 and then 

352 50| 


50)550 
11 


19* 





222 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

And we have for the answer 11 revolutions. In 
dividing 550 by 5 Of, we have dropped the f, it 
being too small. 

2. To find the revolutions of the stone per 
minute. 

Suppose the stone to be 4J feet, which is 54 
inches. Then, 54, multiplied by 22, gives 1188 ; 
which, divided by 7, gives 169f, say 170 inches 
for the circumference. And to find the number 
of revolutions, we divide 1375 feet; or, rather, 
16500 inches by 170, which gives us 97 revolu- 
tions. 

Thus: 54 x 22 ~- 7, and 1375 xl2-r 170 = 
97, answer. 

54 
. 22 



108 1375 

108 . 7)1188 12 

1188 then 169f, or 170; then 16500 and 

170)16500(97 
1530 



1200 
1190 



10 And we have for the 
answer 97 revolutions. 



The Breast Wheel. 

The breast-wheel is by far the most common, 
and may be considered a mean between the over- 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 223 

shot and undershot wheels. In this, the water, 
instead of passing over the top of the wheel, or 
entirely beneath it, is delivered about half way up 
it, or rather, below the level of the axis ; and the 
race or brick-work upon which the water descends, 
is built in a circular form, having the same com- 
mon centre as the wheel itself, so as to make it 
parallel with the exterior edges of the float-boards, 
or extreme circumference of the wheel. These 
float-boards are made to fit as accurately as possi- 
ble, without contact, into the circular hollow of 
the brick- work, so no water can escape past the 
wheel without producing its proportionate effect. 
Breast-wheels differ but little in their structure or 
action from the overshot, excepting that the water 
passes under, instead of over them ; and they must 
be wider in proportion, as their fall is less prac- 
ticable. Millwrights agree that there should be 
from six to ten feet fall, and a sufficient quantity 
of water. 

The breast wheel, as I said before, is nearly 
allied to the overshot ; for, notwithstanding it has 
only float-boards instead of buckets, yet, as the 
mill course is made concentric to the outside of 
the wheel, and is not only there, but at the two 
sides, made as close as convenient, so as to pre- 
vent the escape of water as effectually as possible, 
the spaces between one float-board and another 
become a bucket for the time being, and retain 
the water ; and thus the breast wheel is not only 



224 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

impelled by the weight of water, but by its impetus 
or momentum also. For the water should be con- 
fined, so as to be incapable of splashing or being 
lost, and its moving force, consequently, exerted 
to the greatest advantage. Yet, with all this ap- 
parent advantage, the breast wheel is, in effect, 
vastly inferior to the overshot wheel ; not only on 
account of the smaller height at which the water 
is supplied, but from the waste with which (how- 
ever particular) it is always attended. In practice, 
it is found that the breast wheel consumes about 
double the quantity of water that the overshot 
wheel does, to do the same quantity of work, when 
other things are alike, viz. : the diameter and 
breadth of the wheel, number of float-boards, 
etc., etc. 

In order to permit any of the water-wheels to 
work with freedom, and to the greatest advantage, 
it is absolutely necessary that the tail- water, as it 
is called, or that which is discharged from the 
bottom of the wheel, after it has produced its 
effect, should have uninterrupted passage to run 
away ; for when it accumulates, and forms a re- 
sistance to the float-boards, it must stop the 
velocity and power of the wheel ; sometimes, in- 
deed, to so great an extent as to prevent it from 
working altogether. The simplest and most 
effective mode of removing this great incon- 
venience is by forming two drains or tunnels 
through the masonry, one on each side of the 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 225 

water- wheel, so as to permit a portion of water to 
flow down into the tail or lower stream, imme- 
diately in front of the wheel. Each of these 
drains is furnished with a sluice-gate at the upper 
end, by which the quantity of water can be regu- 
lated at pleasure, or the whole be shut off when- 
ever water happens to be scarce. ' When the 
stream is high, these two gates can be drawn; the 
water drives the tail- water before it, and forms a 
basin or hollow space in which the wheel can 
work free from interruption. This applies to all 
kinds of wheels, when there is backwater to 
overcome. 



Overshot or Breast Wheels. 

The following table shows the required length 
of overshot or breast wheels, on falls from ten to 
thirty feet, to drive from one to four run of four 
and a half feet stones, with all the necessary 
machinery for a merchant flouring mill. The 
column marked "fall" shows the number of feet 
fall on the breast wheel, or the diameter of the 
overshot. 



226 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



Rule. — Multiply the 
number of runs required 
by the length ; as stated in 
the table. 

Example.— What should 
the length of either a 
breast or an overshot- 
wheel be, to drive 3 run 
of stones on a fall of 24 
feet? Look at 24 feet, 
and opposite we have 3 
feet for 1 run; which, 
multiplied by 3, gives 9 
feet. 

The same quantity of 
water used on the com- 
bination reaction wheel 

will suit the overshot and breast, beginning at 10 

feet. 





Number of run of stones. 


1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


u 


_ 








o 


© 








> 


a> 








o ^ 


A 








u 


o 


<d 


B0 

J 


1 


03 O 


"SbS 

® ,1 




9 


c3 

o 


h"m 


tJ.2 


£H 


H 


rH 


10 


7 








11 
12 


5g 








13 


5^ 








14 


5 








15 
16 


8 








17 


4 








18 


4 








19 
20 
21 


1 

s 








22 








23 


3 








24 


3 








25 










26 








27 










28 








29 


w% 








30 


*A 









AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



227 



TABLE 

Of the number of inches of water necessary to drive one run of stones, ivith all 
the requisite machinery for grist and saw mills, which will be found conve- 
nient for all practical purposes. Under heads of water from four to 
thirty feet. 



rs 


4 4^ 






si 


4 4^ 






«3 


4 V/ 2 














© 








© 








-= 


© 

d 


© 


o 


-a 


© 

d 


© 


3 


J 


© 


U - 

© 


© 




o 


£ 


£ 




o 




£ 




o 


£ 


£ 


O 




O 


o 


o 




O 


o 


O 




o 


o 


J= -g 


c "S 


Pi 

© 


ft 
© 


S-s 


*o % 


© 


© 


2-^ 


o © 


ft 
© 


© 


9* 


©<2 

s 


o 


1 


j*J> 


©ar 

.2 Z 


o 


© 


Ma 

"5 ~*2 


©a 


u 


m 

o 


— 5 
4 


B3.S 


— 


w 


= .~ 


m £ 


a 






B.9 


>>M 


rt 


460 


558 


5 


6 


13 


80 


95 


5 


6 


22 


35 


43 


5 


6 


5 


300 


363 


" 


u 


14 


70 


83 


" 


" 


23 


32 


39 


u 




6 


250 


311 


" 


" 


15 


62 


75 


" 


" 


24 


30 


37 


it 




7 


200 


245 


" 


" 


16 


57 


68 


" 


" 


25 


29 


35 


" 




8 


160 


190 


" 


" 


17 


51 


62 


" 


" 


26 


27 


32 


" 




9 


130 


163 


a 





18 


47 


57 


" 


M 


27 


26 


31 


" 




10 


112 


137 


" 


" 


19 


44 


52 


" 


" 


28 


24 


29 


" 




11 


102 


122 


u 


" 


20 


41 


48 


" 


" 


29 


23 


28 


" 




12 


89 


107 


" 


" 


21 


37 


45 


«< 


" 


30 


22 


26 







Note. — A horse power is considered equal to 

33,000 pounds raised one foot high The 

same quantity of water that is here used for a four 
foot stone, is su Gficient for one saw. And where a 
greater number of either saws or stones are re- 
quired, you should double the quantity in propor- 
tion to the number, as in the case of four run of 
stones. You require four wheels, with the same 
number of inches, for each size, as per table. But, 
in all cases, for merchant flouring mills, you re- 
quire an extra wheel, w r hich all the machinery 
should be attached to, w r ith about one half the 
power, as calculated for one run of four and a 
half feet stones 



228 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



TABLE 

Containing the weight of columns of ivater, each one foot in length, and of various 
diameters, in pounds Avoirdupois. 



S a: 

£5 


Weight. 




Weight. 




Weight. 


S a 


Weight. 


si 


Weight. 


a ,|H 




c* .S 




rt -~ 




- >S 








5.2 




5.3 




5.5 




5.2 




S.S 




3 


3.0672 


11 


41.2476 


19 


123.0624 


27 


248.5116 


35 


417.5952 


4 


5.4540 


12 


49.0884 


20 


136.3562 


28 


267.2616 


36 


441.7992 


5 


8.5212 


13 


57.6108 


21 


150.2376 


29 


286.6920 


37 


466.6990 


6 


12.2712 


14 


66.8148 


22 


164.9928 


30 


306.8052 


38 


492.2637 * 


7 


16.7028 


15 


76.7004 


23 


180.3324 


31 


327.6000 


39 


518.4132 


8 


21.8172 


16 


87.2688 


24 


196.3548 


32 


349.0764 


40 


545.4445 


9 


27.6120 


17 


98.5176 


25 


213.0598 


33 


371.2344 


41 


573.0577 


10 


34.0884 


18 


110.4492 


26 | 230.4444 


34 


394.0740 


50 


799.2426 



The Undershot Wheel. 

The undershot wheel differs from all others in 
principle, as the water loses all its force by the 
first stroke against the floats, and the time this 
force is spending is in the proportion to the differ- 
ence of the velocity of the wheel and the water, 
and the distance of the floats. As these wheels do 
not require much fall in the stream of water, all 
that is wanted is a rapid progressive motion in 
it ; and as it acts chiefly by the momentum of the 
water, its positive weight being scarcely called 
into action, it is fit to be used where there is a 
profusion of water always in motion. The under- 
shot-wheel does its maximum quantity of work 
when its circumference moves with between one 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 229 

half and one third the velocity of the stream that 
drives it. Other wheels have the weight of the 
water after the force of the head is spent, and will 
continue to move ; but an undershot wheel stops 
as soon as the head is spent. If the motion be too 
swift, the load or resistance it will overcome will 
be less, and the effects lessened also. The mill 
should, therefore, be so arranged in its machinery, 
that when the mill-stones run their proper speed, 
the water-wheel will not run too fast, as they will 
not then receive the full force of the water ; nor 
too slow, so as to lose power by its rebounding 
and dashing over the floats. 

The wheels, moving by the stroke of the water 
alone, are only half as powerful as other wheels 
that are moved by the stroke of water and its 
gravity combined. The undershot wheel ought, 
therefore, only to be used where there is but little 
fall and a great quantity of water. When the 
head of the water is great, if the gate is made of 
the usual form — that is, wide and shallow — the 
friction will be great. Therefore, the wheel should 
be narrow, and the aperture of the gate of a square 
form, in order to avoid the friction and loss in a 
wheel ; especially if it does not run closely to the 
sheeting. The float-boards should be so con- 
structed as to rise perpendicularly from the water ; 
not more than one half of them should ever be 
below the surface, and from three to five should 
20 



230 THE MILLER, MILLWBIGHT 

be immersed at once, according to the magnitude 
of the wheel. 

In adjusting the proportions of the internal 
wheels by which the machinery is propelled, it is 
necessary, in order to obtain the greatest power, 
to limit the speed of the rim of the water-wheel, 
so that it shall not be more than from four to five 
feet, per second. The head should be from two to 
four feet above the aperture through which the 
water flows into the buckets, or against the floats 
of a water-wheel. 



Tub Wheels. 

The tub wheel is a horizontal water-wheel, that 
is acted on by the stroke of the water altogether. 
The shaft is perpendicular, often carrying the mill- 
stone on top of it, serving the place of a spindle. 
The lower end of this shaft is set in a step fixed in 
a bridge-tree, by which the stone is raised or 
lowered. The water is shot on to the upper side of 
the wheel, in the form of a tangent with its cir- 
cumference. This wheel runs in a hoop similar 
to the hoop that is round the mill-stone, projecting 
so far above the wheel as to prevent the water 
from shooting over the wheel, and whirls it about 
until it strikes the buckets. As the water is shot 
on in a deep, narrow column — say ten inches 
wide and eighteen inches deep, with seven or 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 231 

eight feet head for a four and a half feet pair of 
stones — the whole of this water cannot enter the 
buckets until a part has passed half way round the 
wheel, so that there are nearly half the buckets 
struck at once, The buckets are set obliquely, so 
that the water may strike them at right angles. 
As soon as it strikes, it escapes under the wheel 
in every direction. There should be one gate put 
on the outside of the penstock or shute, which 
should be drawn open that the shute of the water 
is full, and the quantity of water regulated by a 
gate inside of the shute, near the wheel, as the 
pressure of the whole weight of the head will then 
be on the wheel. 

These wheels cannot be recommended, in con- 
sequence of the water not acting to advantage on 
them, even when constructed in the best possible 
manner. If the head be low, it is difficult to get 
a sufficient quantity of water to act on them, so as 
to drive them with sufficient power. There are 
some advantages in their first cost and simplicity, 
beside not having any cogs or rounds to keep in 
order ; their moving parts are few, and have but 
little friction ; the step-gudgeon runs under water, 
and, when fixed will not get out of order in a long 
time. The tub wheel should not be used where 
the water fails in dry weather ; it is only suited to 
those streams where the water runs to waste the 
whole year; otherwise, they are useless in the 
season when they are most needed. 



232 the miller, millwright 

The Flutter Wheels. 

The flutter wheels are mostly used for propel- 
ling the saw in saw mills, as their construction is 
very simple ; in fact, one of the least expensive 
water- wheels that can be made. When the water 
is plenty, and the fall above six feet, flutter wheels 
may be used for saw mills ; but should the water 
be scarce, and the head of water insufficient to give 
flutter-wheels the requisite motion, high wheels, 
double-geared, will be found necessary. Flutter 
wheels may be adapted to any head above six 
feet, by making them low and wide when the head 
is small, and high and narrow when there is a 
high head, so as to have from 120 to 130 revolu- 
tions or strokes of the saw per minute. 

When the fall is about six feet, the diameter of 
the wheel should be about two feet eight inches, 
the width seven or eight feet ; the greater the fall, 
the larger the diameter, with a smaller width. 
There should always be a full head, to give it a 
lively motion ; otherwise, the mill will run heavy. 
The opening in the gates should be from three to 
four inches, that the water may give the required 
power. The wheel should have a sufficient 
quantity of buckets or floats ; these are fastened on 
with keys, so that they will drive inward when 
any thing gets under them, and not break. These 
wheels require to be made heavy, to regulate the 
motion, and work more powerfully. 



and engineer's guide. 233 

The Laws of Motion and Eest. 

1. Every body in a state of rest will remain so. 
Every body in motion will continue to move in a 
right line, until a change is effected by the agency 
of some mechanical force. 

2. The change from rest to motion, and from 
motion to rest, is always proportional to the force 
producing these changes. 

3. Action and reaction are always equal, and 
in directions contrary to each other ; or when two 
bodies act upon each other, the forces are always 
equal, and directed toward contrary parts. 

4. A horizontal shaft, we will say eight feet 
in length, more or less, takes more power to drive 
a given weight, when this weight is attached to 
the farther end from the driving power, than if 
closer to said power. The retardition, in this case, 
is proportioned to the density of the air; and the 
rotary motion is the consequence of the force of 
gravity, which is always drawing it toward the 
earth. 



Power of Gravity, Percussion, or Impulse, 
with the Reaction Attachment 

It is admitted by mechanics that a water-wheel, 
constructed to receive the water, with this com- 
bination for driving machinery, is nearly as 
20* 



234 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

effective as the overshot wheel ; it is generally 
known that, if it were possible to gear the overshot 
wheel into the pinion that drives the mill-stone, it 
would have double the power of any other wheel, 
nearly. We know, without double-gearing, the 
motion would not be sufficient for the mill-stone ; 
this is quite the reverse with the combination 
wheels. One of these wheels, about four feet in 
diameter, under a head of water twelve feet head 
and fall, will drive a run of stones four and a half 
feet in diameter, giving the stones a motion of 168 
revolutions per minute ; or it may give as many 
more as required, by altering the size of the wheel. 

It is acknowledged by millwrights that a fluid 
reacts back against the penstock with the same 
force that it issues against the obstacle it strikes. 
Eeaction water-wheels are of a numerous family, 
and of different degrees. I believe the Barkers 
wheel is one of the first. Scientific works acknow- 
ledge that action and reaction are equal, or that 
the power of water by reaction was equal to its 
effective power by gravity and percussion. Some 
of these wheels will run, when there is high 
water, by giving a larger run of water; or, in 
other words, a larger opening in the gate, as is 
properly termed a full gate. 

Often the wheel will not start, the impulse 
from the head not being sufficient to create the 
slightest motion, the buckets of the wheel being 
immersed in back-water. By turning the wheel 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 235 

a few feet, and helping it to clear itself sufficiently, 
and from the combination of percussion or impulse 
from the head, and reaction from the bottom, 
momentary, it will do the same amount of work, 
only using more water. The advantages of the 
combination wheel are, the durability, and amount 
of capital saved by the difference of cost between 
them and the overshot wheels. I believe the over- 
shot wheel will cost one half more, counting the 
gearing up to the stone pinion, than the combina- 
tion wheel. Beside, the combination wheel is 
more durable, being mostly made of iron. The 
manner in which the combination wheel is placed, 
protects it from frost. 

It is a well known fact, tha.t water-wheels that 
are made of cast-iron are a most essential improve- 
ment, inasmuch as the resistance from friction is 
one third less than wood, beside its durability; 
and where the wheels are protected by racks, 
placed in or near the flumes to keep out all 
obstructions, they will last a long time. 

The chief objection to a common overshot wheel 
is its great size and formidable cost ; to which may 
be added the loss of power consequent upon the 
friction of the gearing requisite for bringing up the 
speed of the prime mover to the velocity indispen- 
sable to most ordinary mechanical operations. 
These objections do not apply to this species of 
water power, as the machine requires or occupies 
but a small space in comparison with a water- 



236 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 

wheel of the same power. Its speed is high, and 
the expense of its construction greatly inferior to 
that of any other effectual mechanism we are now 
acquainted with for deriving a rotary motion from 
a head of water. 

Their great merit is their simplicity and dura- 
bility ; and where there is a plentiful supply of 
water, they are, in many cases, preferable to any 
other wheel. In back-water, they will undoubt- 
edly operate better than any other. There will 
be no sensible loss from their wading, but only 
from the diminution of the effective head. In 
eight feet fall, for example, if there be four feet of 
back-water, the remaining four feet will produce 
nearly or quite the full effect. 

These wheels may be applied either on a hori- 
zontal or vertical shaft, and either singly or in 
pairs, according to circumstances, as they are 
numerous. I will not include all of them ; for a 
head of four feet, the area or orifice should never 
be permitted to fall short of three times the num- 
ber of square inches which can be delivered by all 
the openings of the floats. The penstock or gate- 
way should be sufficiently large to admit freely the 
same proportionate quantity of water through 
every part of its section ; about three times of the 
orifice of the cistern-head and the wheel. 

For a greater head, these openings should be 
proportionately increased, as a good many have 
made failures for not paying attention to these 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



237 



principles. Whenever it is practicable, the limit 
which has been given should be exceeded; but 
never can be diminished without loss of power. 



TABLE 

Of the velocities of the combination reaction water-wheel per minute, from heads 
of from four to thirty fed, calculated at the maximum point of effect, or what 
is generally called the "working point ;" being one third less than the greatest 
velocity for wheels of the following size. 





Diameter in 


FEET 


AND INCHES 


. 






2 


2^ 


3 


3V2 


4 


^A 


5 


5V 2 


6 1 


6H 


7 


7Vz 


8 


4 


122 


98 


81 


70 


61 


54 


49 


44 


40 


37 


35 


33 


30 


5 


137 


109 


91 


78 


68 


60 


54 


49 


45 


42 


39 


36 


34 


6 


149 


120 


100 


85 


75 


66 


60 


54 


50 


46 


42 


40 


37 


7 


160 


129 


107 


92 


SI 


71 


64 


58 


53 


49 


46 


43 


40 


8 


173 


138 


115 


98 


86 


76 


69 


62 


57 


53 


49 


46 


43 


9 


184 


147 


122 


105 


92 


81 


73 


66 


61 


56 


52 


49 


46 


10 


194 


154 


128 


110 


97 


86 


77 


70 


64 


59 


55 


51 


48 


11 


203 


162 


135 


115 


101 


90 


81 


73 


67 


62 


57 


54 


50 


12 


212 


169 


141 


121 


106 


94 


84 


77 


70 


65 


60 


56 


53 


13 


220 


176 


147 


126 


110 


98 


88 


80 


73 


67 


63 


59 


55 


14 


229 


183 


153 


131 


114 


102 


91 


83 


76 


70 


65 


61 


57 


15 


237 


189 


158 


135 


118 


105 


94 


86 


79 


72 


67 


63 


59 


16 


•245 


196 


163 


140 


122 


109 


98 


89 


81 


75 


70 


65 


61 


17 


252 


201 


168 


144 


126 


112 


100 


91 


84 


77 


72 


67 


63 


18 


1 260 


207 


173 


148 


130 


115 


103 


94 


86 


80 


74 


69 


65 


19 


I 266 


213 


177 


152 


133 


118 


.106 


97 


88 


82 


76 


71 


66 


20 


271 


219 


182 


156 


137 


121 


109 


100 


91 


84 


78 


73 


68 


21 


281 


224 


187 


160 


140 


124 


112 


102 


93 


86 


80 


75 


70 


22 


288 


229 


191 


164 


143 


127 


114 


105 


95 


88 


82 


76 


72 


23 


294 


234 


195 


167 


146 


131 


117 


107 


97 


90 


84 


78 


73 


24 


300 


239 


199 


170 


149 


133 


119 


109 


99 


92 


85 


79 


74 


25 


| 307 


245 


204 


175 


153 


136 


121 


111 


102 


94 


87 


81 


76 


26 


! 313 


249 


208 


178 


156 


138 


124 


113 


104 


96 


89 


83 


78 


27 


318 


254 


212 


182 


159 


141 


127 


116 


106 


98 


91 


85 


80 


28 


324 


259 


216 


185 


162 


144 


129 


118 


108 


100 


92 


86 


81 


29 


j 330 


263 


219 


188 


164 


146 


131 


120 


110 


101 


94 


88 


82 


30 


| 335 


268 


223 


191 


167 


] 149 


134 


123 


112 


103 


95 


89 


84 



238 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



TABLE, 

To reckon the Price of Wheat from Thirty Cents to 
Two Dollars per Bushel. 

For the convenience of Millers I subjoin the 
following Tables. The Prices will be found at 
the top of the page, and in the columns headed 
" Value of Bushels" and "Value of Pounds," and 
directly opposite the number of Bushels and 
Pounds in the left hand column will be found the 
value — in Dollars, Cents and Mills— of one Bushel, 
or one Pound, up to one hundred Bushels, or 
one hundred Pounds. 



AND ENGINEER S GUIDE. 



239 



p> o 


AT 31 CENTS 


AT 32 CENTS 


AT 33 CENTS 


AT 34 CENTS 


£4 
P cc 

p tr 1 


PER 
Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


p_ct> 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. MiUs. 


1 


31 


5 


32 


5 


33 


5 


34 


5 


2 


62 


1 


64 


1 


66 


1 1 


68 


1 1 


3 


93 


1 5 


96 


1 6 


99 


1 6 


1 02 


1 7 


4 


1 24 


2 


1 28 


2 1 


1 32 


2 2 


1 36 


2 2 


5 


1 55 


2 5 


1 60 


2 6 


1 65 


2 7 


1 70 


2 8 


6 


1 86 


3 1 


1 92 


3 2 


1 98 


3 3 


2 04 


3 4 


7 


2 17 


3 6 


2 24 


3 7 


2 31 


3 8 


2 38 


3 9 


8 


2 48 


4 1 


2 56 


4 2 


2 64 


4 4 


2 72 


4 5 


9 


2 79 


4 6 


2 88 


4 8 


2 97 


4 9 


3 06 


5 1 


10 


3 10 


5 1 


3 20 


5 3 


3 30 


5 5 


3 40 


5 6 


11 


3 41 


5 6 


3 52 


5 8 


3 63 


6 


3 74 


6 2 


12 


3 72 


6 2 


3 84 


6 4 


3 96 


6 6 


4 08 


6 8 


13 


4 03 


6 7 


4 16 


6 9 


4 29 


7 1 


4 42 


7 3 


14 


4 34 


7 2 


4 48 


7 4 


4 62 


7 7 


4 76 


7 9 


15 


4 65 


7 7 


4 80 


8 


4 95 


8 2 


5 10 


8 5 


16 


4 96 


8 2 


5 12 


8 5 


5 28 


8 8 


5 44 


9 


17 


5 27 


8 7 


5 44 


9 


5 61 


9 3 


5 78 


9 6 


18 


5 58 


9 3 


5 76 


9 6 


5 94 


9 9 


6 12 


10 2 


19 


5 89 


9 8 


6 08 


10 1 


6 27 


10 4 


6 46 


10 7 


20 


6 20 


10 3 


6 40 


10 6 


6 60 


11 


6 80 


11 3 


21 


6 51 


10 8 


6 72 


11 2 


6 93 


11 5 


7 14 


11 9 


22 


6 82 


11 3 


7 04 


11 7 


7 26 


12 1 


. 7 48 


12 4 


23 


7 13 


11 8 


7 36 


12 2 


7 59 


12 6 


7 82 


13 


24 


7 44 


12 4 


7 68 


12 8 


7 92 


13 2 


8 16 


13 6 


25 


7 75 


12 9 


8 00 


13 3 


8 25 


13 7 


8 50 


14 1 


26 


8 06 


13 4 


8 32 


13 8 


8 58 


14 3 


8 84 


14 7 


27 


8 37 


13 9 


8 64 


14 4 


8 91 


14 8 


9 18 


15 3 


28 


8 68 


14 4 


8 96 


14 9 


9 24 


15 4 


9 52 


15 8 


29 


8 99 


14 9 


9 28 


15 4 


9 57 


15 9 


9 86 


16 4 


30 


9 30 


15 5 


9 60 


16 


9 90 


16 5 


10 20 


17 


40 


12 40 


20 6 


12 80 


21 3 


13 20 


22 


13 60 


22 6 


50 


15 50 


25 8 


16 00 


26 6 


'16 50 


27 5 


17 00 


28 3 


100 


31 00 


51 6 


32 00 


53 3 


33 00 


55 


34 00 


56 6 



240 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 





AT 35 CENTS 


AT 36 CENTS 


AT 37 CENTS 


AT 38 CENTS 


^2, 
Hdtd 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value p?r 


BUSHEL 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


™m 


Bushel. 


Pouud. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cta. 


Cte. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


35 


5 


36 


6 


37 


6 


38 


6 


2 


70 


1 1 


72 


1 2 


74 


1 2 


76 


1 2 


3 


1 05 


1 7 


1 08 


1 8 


1 11 


1 8 


1 14 


1 9 


4 


1 40 


2 3 


1 44 


2 4 


1 48 


2 4 


1 52 


2 5 


5 


1 75 


2 9 


1 80 


3 


1 85 


•3 


1 90 


3 1 


6 


2 10 


3 5 


2 16 


3 6 


2 22 


3 7 


2 28 


3 8 


7 


2 45 


4 


2 52 


4 2 


2 59 


4 3 


2 66 


4 4 


8 


2 80 


4 6 


2 88 


4 8 


2 96 


4 9 


3 04 


5 


9 


3 15 


5 2 


3 24 


5 4 


3 33 


5 5 


3 42 


5 7 


10 


3 50 


5 8 


3 60 


6 


3 70 


6 1 


3 80 


6 3 


11 


3 85 


6 4 


3 96 


6 6 


4 07 


6 7 


4 18 


6 9 


12 


4 20 


7 


4 32 


7 2 


4 44 


7 4 


4 56 


7 6 


13 


4 55 


7 5 


4 68 


7 8 


4 81 


8 


4 94 


8 2 


14 


4 90 


8 1 


5 04 


8 4 


5 18 


8 6 


5 32 


8 8 


15 


5 25 


8 7 


5 40 


9 


5 55 


9 2 


5 70 


9 5 


16 


5 60 


9 3 


5 76 


9 6 


5 92 


9 8 


6 08 


10 1 


17 


5 95 


9 9 


6 12 


10 2 


6 29 


10 4 


646 


10 7 


18 


6 30 


10 5 


6 48 


10 8 


6 66 


11 1 


6 84 


11 4 


19 


6 65 


11 


6 84 


11 4 


7 03 


11 7 


7 22 


12 


20 


7 00 


11 6 


7 20 


12 


7 40 


12 3 


7 60 


12 6 


21 


7 35 


12 2 


7 56 


12 6 


7 77 


12 9 


7 98 


13 3 


22 


7 70 


12 8 


7 92 


13 2 


8 14 


13 5 


8 36 


18 9 


23 


8 05 


13 4 


8. 28 


13 8 


8 51 


14 1 


8 74 


14 5 


24 


8 40 


14 


8 64 


14 4 


8 88 


14 8 


9 12 


15 2 


25 


8 75 


14 5 


9 00 


15 


9 25 


15 4 


9 50 


: 15 8 


26 


9 10 


15 1 


9 36 


15 6 


9 62 


16 


9 88 


; 16 4 


27 


9 45 


15 7 


9 72 


16 2 


9 99 


16 6 


10 26 


17 1 


28 


9 80 


16 3 


10 08 


16 8 


10 36 


17 2 


10 64 


17 7 


29 


10 15 


16 9 


10 44 


17 4 


10 73 


17 8 


11 02 


18 3 


30 


10 50 


17 5 


10 80 


18 


11 10 


18 5 


11 40 


19 


40 


14 00 


23 3 


14 40 


24 


14 80 


24 6 


15 20 


25 3 


50 


17 50 


29 1 


18 00 


30 


18 50 


30 8 


19 00 


31 6 


100 


35 00 


58 3 


36 00 


60 


37 00 


61 6 


38 00 


63 3 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



241 



O 
PS 05 


AT 39 (EMS 


AT 40 CBHT8 


AT 41 CEBT8 


AT 42 CE\TS 


PEB BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER 

■ 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 
Value per 


Value per 


Value per 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cte. 


Cts. Mill. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


39 


6 


40 


6 


41 


6 


42 


7 


2 


78 


1 3 


80 


1 3 


82 


1 3 


84 


1 4 


3 


1 17 


1 9 


1 20 


2 


1 23 


2 


1 26 


2 1 


4 


l 56 


2 6 


1 60 


2 6 


1 64 


2 7 


1 68 


2 8 


5 


1 95 


3 2 


2 00 


3 3 


2 05 


3 4 


2 10 


3 5 


6 


2 34 


3 9 


2 40 


4 


2 46 


4 1 


2 52 


4 2 


7 


2 73 


4 5 


2 80 


4 6 


2 87 


4 7 


2 94 


4 9 


8 


3 12 


5 2 


3 20 


5 3 


3 28 


5 4 


3 36 


5 6 


9 


3 51 


5 8 


3 60 


6 


3 69 


6 1 


3 78 


6 3 


10 


3 90 


6 5 


4 00 


6 6 


4 10 


6 8 


4 20 


7 


11 


4 29 


7 1 


4 40 


7 3 


4 51 


7 5 


4 62 


7 7 


12 


4 68 


7 8 


4 80 


8 


4 92 


8 2 


5 04 


8 4 


13 


5 07 


8 4 


5 20 


8 6 


5 33 


8 8 


5 46 


9 1 


14 


5 46 


9 1 


5 60 


9 3 


5 74 


9 5 


5 88 


9 8 


15 


5 85 


9 7 


6 00 


10 


6 15 


10 2 


6 30 


10 5 


16 


6 24 


10 4 


6 40 


10 6 


6 56 


10 9 


6 72 


11 2 


17 


6 63 


11 


6 80 


11 3 


6 97 


l v l 6 


7 14 


11 9 


18 


7 02 


11 7 


7 20 


12 


7 38 


12 3 


7 56 


12 6 


19 


7 41 


12 3 


7 60 


12 6 


7 79 


12 9 


7 98 


13 3 


20 


7 80 


13 


8 00 


13 3 


8 20 


13 6 


'8 40 


14 


21 


8 19 


13 6 


8 40 


14 


8 61 


14 3 


8 82 


14 7 


22 


8 58 


14 3 


8 80 


14 6 


9 02 


15 


9 24 


15 4 


23 


8 97 


14 9 


9 20 


15 3 


9 43 


15 7 


9 66 


16 1 


24 


9 36 


15 6 


9 60 


16 


9 84 


16 4 


10 08 


16 8 


25 


9 75 


16 2 


10 00 


16 6 


10 25 


17 


10 50 


17 5 


26 


10 14 


16 9 


10 40 


17 3 


10 66 


17 7 


10 92 


18 2 


27 


10 53 


17 5 


10 80 


18 


11 07 


18 4 


11 34 


18 9 


28 


10 92 


18 2 


11 20 


18 6 


11 48 


19 1 


11 76 


19 6 


29 


11 31 


18 8 


11 60 


19 3 


11 89 


19 8 


12 18 


20 3 


30 


11 70 


19 5 


12 00 


20 


12 30 


20 5 


12 60 


21 


40 


15 60 


26 


16 00 


26 6 


16 40 


27 3 


16 80 


28 


50 


19 50 


32 5 


20 00 


33 3 


20 50 


34 1 


21 00 


35 


100 


39 00 


65 


40 00 


66 6 


41 00 


68 3 


42 00 


70 



21 



242 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



go o 

1=1 "-> 


AT 43 CBUT8 


AT 44 CEMS 


AT 45 CEMS 


AT 46 CEMS 


^2, 

o d 

5 «f 


PER 
Value per j 


BUSHEL 

Value per 
Pound. 

Cts. Mills. 


PER 
Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


S° So - 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 
Dolls. Cts. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Milk 


1 


43 


7 


44 


7 


45 


7 


46 


7 


2 


86 


1 4 


88 


1 4 


90 


1 5 


92 


1 5 


3 


1 29 


2 1 


1 32 


2 2 


1 35 


2 2 


1 38 


2 3 


4 


1 72 


2 8 


1 76 


2 9 


1 80 


3 


1 84 


3 


5 


2 15 


3 5 


2 20 


3 6 


2 25 


3 7 


2 30 


3 8 


6 


2 58 


4 3 


2 64 


4 4 


2 70 


4 5 


2 76 


4 6 


7 


3 01 


5 


3 08 


5 1 


3 15 


5 2 


3 22 


5 3 


8 


3 44 


5 7 


3 52 


5 8 


3 60 


6 


3 68 


6 1 


9 


3 87 


6 4 


3 96 


6 6 


4 05 


6 7 


4 14 


6 9 


10 


4 30 


7 1 


4 40 


7 3 


4 50 


7 5 


4 60 


7 6 


11 


4 73 


7 8 


4 84 


8 


4 95 


8 2 


5 06 


8 4 


12 


5 16 


8 6 


5 28 


8 8 


5 40 


9 


5 52 


9 2 


13 


5 59 


9 3 


5 72 


9 5 


5 85 


9 7 


5 98 


9 9 


14 


6 02 


10 


6 16 


10 2 


6 30 


10 5 


6 44 


10 7 


15 


6 45 


10 7 


6 60 


11 


6 75 


11 2 


6 90 


11 5 


16 


6 88 


11 4 


7 04 


11 7 


7 20 


12 


7 36 


12 2 


17 


7 31 


12 1 


7 48 


12 4 


7 65 


12 7 


7 82 


13 


18 


7 74 


12 9 


7 92 


13 2 


8 10 


13 5 


8 28 


13 8 


19 


8 17 


13 6 


8 36 


13 9 


8 55 


14 2 


8 74 


14 5 


20 


8 60 


14 3 


8 80 


14 6 


9 00 


15 


9 20 


15 3 


21 


9 03 


15 


9 24 


15 4 


9 45 


15 7 


9 66 


16 1 


22 


9 46 


15 7 


9 60 


16 1 


9 90 


16 5 


10 12 


16 8 


23 


9 89 


16 5 


10 12 


16 8 


10 35 


17 2 


10 58 


17 6 


24 


10 32 


17 2 


10 56 


17 6 


10 80 


18 


11 04 


18 4 


25 


10 75 


17 9 


11 00 


18 3 


11 25 


18 7 


11 50 


•19 1 


26 


11 18 


18 6 


11 44 


19 


11 70 


19 5 


11 96 


19 g 


27 


11 61 


19 3 


11 88 


19 8 


12 15 


20 2 


12 42 


20 7 


28 


12 04 


20 


12 32 


20 5 


12 60 


21 


12 88 


21 4" 


29 


12 47 


20 7 


12 76 


21 2 


13 05 


21 7 


13 34 


22 2 


30 


12 90 


21 5 


13 20 


22 


13 50 


22 5 


13 80 


23 


40 


17 20 


28 6 


17 60 


29 3 


18 00 


30 


18 40 


30 6 


50 


21 50 


35 8 


22 00 


36 6 


22 50 


37 5 


23 00 


38 3 


100 


43 00 


71 6 


44 00 


73 3 


45 00 


75 


46 00 


76 6 



and engineer's guide. 



243 



50 


AT 17 CIHT8 


AT 48 CENTS 


AT 49 CENTS 


AT 50 CENTS 


§4 

O e 
£ 00 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL 


Value per 


Value per 


Q_,Ct> 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. .Hills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


47 


7 


48 


8 


49 


8 


50 


8 


2 


94 


1 5 


96 


1 6 


98 


1 6 


1 00 


1 6 


3 


1 41 


2 3 


1 44 


2 4 


1 47 


2 4 


1 50 


2 5 


4 


1 88 


3 1 


1 92 


3 2 


1 96 


3 2 


2 00 


3 3 


5 


2 35 


3 9 


2 40 


4 


2 45 


4 


2 50 


4 1 


6 


2.82 


4 7 


2 88 


4 8 


2 94 


4 9 


3 00 


5 


7 


3 29 


5 4 


3 36 


5 6 


3 43 


5 7 


3 50 


5 8 


8 


3 76 


6 2 


3 84 


6 4 


3 92 


6 5 


4 00 


6 6 


9 


4 23 


7 


4 32 


7 2 


4 41 


7 3 


4 50 


7 5 


10 


4 70 


7 8 


4 80 


8 


4 90 


8 1 


5 00 


8 3 


11 


5 17 


8 6 


5 28 


8 8 


5 39 


8 9 


5 50 


9 1 


12 


5 64 


9 4 


5 76 


9 6 


5 88 


9 8 


6 00 


10 


13 


6 11 


10 1 


6 24 


10 4 


6 37 


10 6 


6 50 


10 8 


14 


6 58 


10 9 


6 72 


11 2 


6 86 


11 4 


7 00 


11 6 


15 


7 05 


11 7 


7 20 


12 


7 35 


12 2 


7 50 


12 5 


16 


7 52 


12 5 


7 68 


12 8 


7 84 


13 


8 00 


13 3 


17 


7 99 


13 3 


8 16 


13 6 


8 33 


13 8 


8 50 


14 1 


18 


8 46 


14 1 


8 64 


14 4 


8 82 


14 7 


9 00 


15 


19 


8 93 


14 8 


9 12 


15 2 


9 31 


15 5 


9 50 


15 8 


20 


9 40 


15 6 


9 60 


16 


9 80 


16 3 


10 00 


16 6 


21 


9 87 


16 4 


10 08 


16 8 


10 29 


17 1 


10 50 


17 5 


22 


10 34 


17 2 


10 56 


17 6 


10 78 


17 9 


11 00 


18 3 


23 


10 81 


18 


11 04 


18 4 


11 27 


18 7 


11 50 


19 1 


24 


11 28 


18 8 


11 52 


19 2 


11-76 


19 6 


12 00 


20 


25 


11 75 


19 5 


12 00 


20 


12 25 


20 4 


12 50 


20 8 


26 


12 22 


20 3 


12 48 


20 8 


12 74 


21 2 


13 00 


2L 6 


27 


12 69 


21 1 


12 96 


21 6 


13 23 


22 


13 50 


22 5 


28 


13 16 


21 9 


13 44 


22 4 


13 72 


22 8 


14 00 


23 3 


29 


13 63 


22 7 


13 92 


23 2 


14 21 


23 6 


14 50 


24 1 


30 


14 10 


23 5 


14 40 


24 


14 70 


24 5 


15 00 


25 


40 


18 80 


31 3 


19 20 


32 


19 60 


32 6 


20 00 


33 3 


50 


23 50 


39 1 


24 00 


40 


24 50 


40 8 


25 00 


41 6 


100 


47 00 


78 3 


48 00 


80 


49 00 


81 6 


50 00 


83 3 



244 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



p o 


AT 51 CENTS 


AT 52 CENTS 


AT 53 CENTS 


AT 54 CENTS 


^2, 
hjbd 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


2 ^ 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


P'ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 
Cts. Mills. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


51 


8 


52 


8 


53 


8 


54' 


9 


2 


1 02 


1 7 


1 04 


1 7 


1 06 


1 7 


1 08 


1 8 


3 


1 53 


2 5 


1 56 


2 6 


1 59 


2 6 


1 62 


2 7 


4 


2 04 


3 4 


2 08 


3 4 


2 12 


3 5 


2 16 


3 6 


5 


2 55 


4 2 


2 60 


4 3 


2 65 


4 4 


2 70 


4 5 


6 


3 06 


5 1 


3 12 


5 2 


3 18 


5 3 


3 24 


5 4 


7 


3 57 


5 9 


3 64 


6 


3 71 


6 1 


3 78 


6 3 


8 


4 08 


6 8 


4 16 


6 9 


4 24 


7 


4 32 


7 2 


9 


4 59 


7 6 


4 68 


7 8 


4 77 


7 9 


4 86 


8 1 


10 


5 10 


8 5 


5 20 


8 6 


5 30 


8 8 


5 40 


9 


11 


5 61 


9 3 


5 72 


9 5 


5 83 


9 7 


5 94 


9 9 


12 


6 12 


10 2 


6 24 


10 4 


6 36 


10 6 


6 48 


10 8 


13 


6 63 


11 


6 76 


11 2 


6 89 


11 4 


7 02 


11 7 


14 


7 14 


11 9 


7 28 


12 1 


7 42 


12 4 


7 56 


12 6 


15 


7 65 


12 7 


7 80 


13 


7 95 


13 2 


8 10 


13 5 


16 


8 16 


13 6 


8 32 


13 8 


8 48 


14 1 


8 64 


14 4 


17 


8 67 


14 4 


8 84 


14 7 


9 01 


15 


9 18 


15 3 


18 


9 18 


15 3 


9 36 


15 6 


9 54 


15 9 


9 72 


16 2 


19 


9 69 


16 1 


9 88 


16 4 


10 07 


16 7 


10 26 


17 1 


20 


10 20 


17 


10 40 


17 3 


10 60 


17 6 


10 80 


18 


21 


10 71 


17 8 


10 92 


18 2 


11 13 


18 5 


11 34 


18 9 


22 


11 22 


18 7 


11 44 


19 


11 66 


19 4 


11 88 


19 8 


23 


11 73 


19 5 


11 96 


19 9 


12 19 


20 3 


12 42 


20 7 


24 


12 24 


20 4 


12 48 


20 8 


12 72 


21 2 


12 96 


21 6 


25 


12 75 


21 2 


13 00 


21 6 


13 25 


22 


13 50 


22 5 


26 


13 26 


22 1 


13 52 


22 5 


13 78 


22 9 


14 04 


23 4 


27 


13 77 


22 9 


14 04 


23 4 


14 31 


23 8 


14 58 


24 3 


28 


14 28 


23 8 


14 56 


24 2 


14 84 


24 7 


15 12 


25 2 


29 


14 79 


24 6 


15 08 


25 1 


15 37 


25 6 


15 66 


26 1 


30 


15 30 


25 5 


15 60 


26 


15 90 


26 5 


16 20 


27 


40 


20 40 


34 


20 80 


34 6 


21 20 


35 3 


21 60 


36 


50 


25 50 


42 5 


26 00 


43 3 


26 50 


44 1 


27 00 


45 


100 


51 00 


85 


52 00 


86 6 


53 00 


88 3 


54 00 


90 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



245 



tz(| 

scro 


AT 55 GERT8 


AT 56 CERTS 


AT 57 CENTS 


AT 58 CENTS 


i ~ u >-b 

o a 

m 


PES 


BUSnEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER 


BUSnEL 


Value per 


Value per 
Pouuu. 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value pel- 


Value per 


Value per 


Q-iCD 

■ 5T 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


55 


9 


56 


9 


57 


9 


58 


9 


2 


1 10 


1 8 


1 12 


1 8 


1 14 


1 9 


1 16 


1 9 


3 


1 65 


2 7 


1 68 


2 8 


1 71 


2 8 


1 74 


2 9 


4 


2 20 


3 6 


2 24 


3 7 


2 28 


3 8 


2 32 


3 8 


5 


2 75 


4 5 


2 80 


4 6 


2 85 


4 7 


2 90 


4 8 


6 


3 30 


5 5 


3 36 


5 6 


3 42 


5 7 


3 48 


5 8 


7 


3 85 


6 4 


3 92 


6 5 


3 99 


6 6 


4 06 


6 7 


8 


4 40 


7 3 


4 48 


7 4 


4 56 


7 6 


4 64 


7 7 


9 


4 95 


8 2 


5 04 


8 4 


5 13 


8 5 


5 22 


8 7 


10 


5 50 


9 1 


5 60 


9 3 


5 70 


9 5 


5 80 


9 6 


11 


6 05 


10 


6 16 


10 2 


6 27 


10 4 


6 38 


10 6 


12 


6 60 


11 


6 72 


11 2 


6 84 


11 4 


6 96 


11 6 


13 


7 15 


11 9 


7 28 


12 1 


7 41 


12 3 


7 54 


12 5 


14 


7 70 


12 9 


7 84 


13 


7 98 


13 3 


8 12 


13 5 


15 


8 25 


13 7 


8 40 


14 


8 55 


14 2 


8 70 


14 5 


16 


8 80 


14 6 


8 96 


14 9 


9 12 


15 2 


9 28 


15 4 


17 


9 35 


15 5 


9 52 


15 8 


9 69 


16 1 


9 86 


16 4 


18 


9 90 


16 5 


10 08 


16 8 


10 26 


17 1 


10 44 


17 4 


19 


10 45 


17 4 


10 64 


17 7 


10 83 


18 


11 02 


18 3 


20 


11 00 


18 3 


11 20 


18 6 


11 40 


19 


11 60 


19 3 


21 


11 55 


19 2 


11 76 


19 6 


11 97 


19 9 


12 18 


20 3 


22 


12 10 


20 1 


12 32 


20 5 


12 54 


20 9 


12 76 


21 2 


23 


12 65 


21 


12 88 


21 4 


13 11 


21 8 


13 34 


22 2 


24 


13 20 


22 


13 44 


22 4 


13 68 


22 8 


13 92 


23 2 


25 


13 75 


22 9 


14 00 


23 3 


14 25 


23 7 


14 50 


24 1 


26 


14 30 


23 8 


14 56 


24 2 


14 82 


24 7 


15 08 


25 1 


27 


14 85 


24 7 


15 12 


25 2 


15 39 


25 6 


15 66 


26 1 


28 


15 40 


25 6 


15 68 


26 1 


15 96 


26 6 


16 24 


27 


29 


15 95 


26 5 


16 24 


27 


16 53 


27 5 


16 82 


28 


30 


16 50 


27 5 


16 80 


28 


17 10 


28 5 


17 40 


29 


40 


22 00 


36 6 


22 40 


37 3 


22 80 


38 


23 20 


38 6 


50 


27 50 


45 8 


28 00 


46 6 


28 50 


47 5 


29 00 


48 3 


100 


55 00 


91 6 


56 00 


93 3 


57 00 


95 


58 00 


96 6 



21* 



24G 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



JO o 


AT 59 CUTS 


AT 60 (JESTS 


AT 61 CENTS 


AT 62 CEXTS 




PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


P'sr 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


59 


9 


60 


1 


61 


1 


62 


1 


2 


1 18 


1 9 


1 20 


2 


1 22 


2 


1 24 


2 


3 


1 77 


2 9 


1 80 


3 


• 1 83 


3 


1 86 


3 1 


4 


2 36 


3 9 


2 40 


4 


2 44 


4 


2 48 


4 1 


5 


2 95 


4 9 


3 00 


5 


3 05 


5 


3 10 


5 


6 


3 54 


5 9 


3 60 


6 


3 66 


6 1 


3 72 


6 2 


7 


4 13 


6 8 


4 20 


7 


4 27 


7 1 


4 34 


7 2 


8 


4 72 


7 8 


4 80 


8 


4 88 


8 1 


4 96 


8 2 


9 


5 31 


8 8 


5 40 


9 


5 49 


9 1 


* 5 58 


9 3 


10 


5 90 


9 8 


6 00 


10 


6 10 


10 1 


6 20 


10 3 


11 


6 49 


10 8 


6 60 


11 


6 71 


11 1 


6 82 


11 3 


12 


7 08 


11 8 


7 20 


12 


7 32 


12 2 


7 44 


12 4 


13 


7 67 


12 7 


7 80 


13 


7 93 


13 2 


8 06 


13 4 


14 


8 26 


13 7 


8 40 


14 


8 54 


14 2 


8 68 


14 4 


15 


8 85 


14 7 


9 00 


15 


9 15 


15 2 


9 30 


15 5 


16 


9 44 


15 7 


9 60 


16 


9 76 


16 2 


9 92 


16 5 


17 


10 03 


16 7 


10 20 


17 


10 37 


17 2 


10 54 


17 5 


18 


10 62 


17 7 


10 80 


18 


10 98 


18 3 


11 16 


18 6 


19 


11 21 


18 6 


11 40 


19 


11 59 


19 3 


11 78 


19 6 


20 


11 80 


19 6 


12 00 


20 


12 20 


20 3 


12 40 


• 20 6 


21 


12 39 


20 6 


12 60 


21 


12 81 


21 3 


13 02 


21 7 


22 


12 98 


21 6 


13 20 


22 


13 42 


22 3 


13 64 


22 7 


23 


13 57 


22 6 


13 80 


23 


14 03 


23 4 


14 26 


23 7 


24 


14 16 


23 6 


14 40 


24 


14 64 


24 4 


14 88 


24 8 


25 


14 75 


24 5 


15 00 


25 


15 25 


25 4 


15 50 


25 8 


26 


15 34 


25 5 


15 60 


26 


15 86 


26 4 


16 12 


26 8 


27 


15 93 


26 5 


16 20 


27 


16 47 


' 27 4 


16 74 


27 9 


28 


16 52 


27 5 


16 80 


28 


17 08 


28 4 


17 36 


28 9 


29 


17 11 


28 5 


17 40 


29 


17 69 


29 4 


17 98 


29 9 


30 


17 70 


29 5 


18 00 


30 


18 30 


30 5 


18 60 


31 


40 


23 60 


39 3 


24 00 


40 


24 40 


40 6 


24 80 


41 3 


50 


29 50 


49 1 


30 00 


50 


30 50 


50 8 


31 00 


51 6 


100 


59 00 


98 3 


60 00 


100 


61 00 


101 6 


62 00 


103 3 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



247 



P o 


AT 63 CENTS 


AT 64 CEHT8 


AT 65 CENTS 


AT 66 CENTS 


2 ^ 

P w 

P P" 


PER 
Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


PjCD 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cte. 


Cts. Hills. 


Dolls. Ct§. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


DoUs. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


63 


1 


64 


1 


65 


1 


66 


1 1 


2 


1 26 


2 1 


1 28 


2 1 


1 30 


2 1 


1 32 


2 2 


3 


1 89 


3 1 


1 92 


3 2 


1 95 


3 2 


1 98 


3 3 


4 


2 52 


4 2 


2 56 


4 2 


2 60 


4 3 


2 64 


4 4 


5 


3 15 


5 .2 


3 20 


5 3 


3 25 


5 4 


3 30 


5 5 


6 


3 78 


6 3 


3 84 


.6 4 


3 90 


6 5 


3 96 


6 6 


7 


4 41 


7 3 


4 48 


7 4 


4 55 


7 5 


4 62 


7 7 


8 


5 04 


8 4 


5 12 


8 5 


5 20 


8 6 


5 28 


8 8 


9 


5 67 


9 4 


5 76 


9 6 


5 85 


9 7 


5 94 


9 9 


10 


6 30 


10 5 


6 40 


10 6 


6 50 


10 8 


6 60 


11 


11 


6 93 


11 5 


7 04 


11 7 


7 15 


11 9 


7 26 


12 1 


12 


7 56 


12 6 


7 68 


12 8 


7 80 


13 


7 92 


13 2 


13 


8 19 


13 6 


8 32 


13 8 


8 45 


14 


8 58 


14 3 


14 


8 82 


14 7 


8 96 


14 9 


9 10 


15 1 


9 24 


15 4 


15 


9 94 


15 7 


9 60 


16 


9 75 


16 2 


9 90 


16 5 


16 


10 08 


16 8 


10 24 


17 


10 40 


17 3 


10 56 


17 6 


17 


10 71 


17 8 


10 88 


18 1 


11 05 


18 4 


11 22 


18 7 


18 


11 34 


18 9 


11 52 


19 2 


11 70 


19 5 


11 88 


19 8 


19 


11 97 


19 9 


12 16 


20 2 


12 35 


20 5 


12 54 


20 9 


20 


12 60 


21 


12 80 


21 3 


13 00 


21 6 


13 20 


22 


21 


13 23 


22 


13 44 


22 4 


13 65 


22 7 


13 86 


23 1 


22 


13 86 


23 1 


14 08 


23 4 


14 30 


23 8 


14 52 


24 2 


23 


14 49 


24 2 


14 72 


24 5 


14 95 


24 9 


15 18 


25 3 


24 


15 12 


25 2 


15 36 


25 6 


15 60 


26 


15 84 


26 4 


25 


15 75 


26 2 


16 00 


26 6 


16 25 


27 


16 50 


• 27 5 


26 


16 38 


27 3 


16 64 


27 7 


16 90 


28 1 


17 16 


28 6 


27 


17 01 


28 3 


17 28- 


28 8 


17 55 


29 2 


17 82 


29 7 


28 


17 64 


29 4 


17 92 


29 8 


18 20 


30 3 


18 48 


30 8 


29 


18 27 


30 4 


18 56 


30 9 


18 85 


31 4 


19 14 


31 9 


30 


18 90 


31 5 


19 20 


32 


19 50 


32 5 


19 80 


33 


40 


25 20 


42 


25 60 


42 6 


26 00 


43 3 


26 40 


44 


50 


31 50 


52 5 


32 00 


53 3 


32 50 


54 1 


33 00 


55 


100 


63 00 


105 


64 00 


106 6 


65 00 


108 3 66 00 


110 



248 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



(=1 co 


AT 67 CENTS 


AT 68 CENTS 


AT 69 CEXTS 


AT 70 CENTS 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


PL, CD 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


67 


1 1 


68 


1 1 


69 


1 1 


70 


1 1 


2 


1 34 


2 2 


1 36 


2 2 


1 38 


2 3 


1 40 


2 3 


3 


2 01 


3 3 


2 04 


3 4 


2J07 


3 4 


2 10 


3 5 


4 


2 68 


' 4 4 


2 72 


4 5 


2 76 


4 6 


2 80 


4 6 


5 


3 35 


5 5 


3 40 


5 6 


3 45 


5 7 


3 50 


5 8 


6 


4 02 


6 7 


4 08 


6 8 


4 14 


6 9 


4 20 


7 


7 


4 69 


7 8 


4 76 


7 9 


4 83 


8 


4 90 


8 1 


8 


5 36 


8 9 


5 44 


9 


5 52 


9 2 


5 60 


9 3 


9 


6 03 


10 


6 12 


10 2 


6 21 


10 3 


6 30 


10 5 


10 


6 70 


11 1 


6 80 


11 3 


6 90 


11 5 


7 00 


11 6 


11 


7 37 


12 2 


7 48 


12 4 


7 59 


12 6 


7 70 


12 8 


12 


8 04 


13 4 


8 16 


13 6 


8 28 


13 8 


8 40 


14 


13 


8 71 


14 5 


8 84 


14 7 


8 97 


14 9 


9 10 


15 1 


14 


9 38 


15 6 


9 52 


15 8 


9 66 


16 1 


9 80 


16 3 


15 


10 05 


16 7 


10 20 


17 


10 35 


17 2 


10 50 


17 5 


16 


10 72 


17 8 


10 88 


18 1 


11 04 


18 4 


11 20 


18 6 


17 


11 39 


18 9 


11 56 


19 2 


11 73 


19 5 


11 90 


19 8 


18 


12 06 


20 1 


12 24 


20 4 


12 42 


20 7 


12 60 


21 


19 


12 73 


21 2 


12 92 


21 5 


13 11 


21 8 


13 30 


22 1 


20 


13 40 


22 3 


13 60 


22 6 


13 80 


23 


14 00 


23 3 


21 


14 07 


23 4 


14 28 


23 8 


14 49 


24 1 


14 70 


24 5 


22 


14 74 


24 5 


14 96 


24 9 


15 18 


25 3 


15 40 


25 6 


23 


15 41 


25 6 


15 64 


26 


15 87 


26 4 


16 10 


26 8 


24 


16 08 


26 8 


16 32 


27 2 


16 56 


27 6 


16 80 


28 


25 


16 75 


27 9 


17 00 


28 3 


17 25 


28 7 


17 50 


29 1 


26 


17 42 


29 


17 68 


29 5 


17 94 


29 8 


18 20 


30 3 


27 


18 09 


30 1 


18 36 


30 6 


18 63 


31 


18 90 


31 5 


28 


18 76 


31 2 


19 04 


31 7 


19 32 


32 2 


19 60 


32 6 


29 


19 43 


32 3 


19 72 


32 9 


20 01 


33 3 


20 30 


33 8 


30 


20 10 


33 5 


20 40 


34 


20 70 


34 5 


21 00 


35 


40 


26 80 


44 6 


27 20 


45 3 


27 60 


46 


28 00 


46 6 


50 


33 50 


55 8 


34 00 


56 6 


34 50 


57 3 


35 00 


58 3 


100 


67 00 


111 6 


68 00 


113 3 


69 00 


115 


70 00 


116 6 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



249 



1 * 

1 JO o 


AT 71 CENTS 


AT 72 CENTS 


AT 73 CENTS 


AT 74 CENTS 


2 ^ 


PER BUSHEL 

Value per Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 
Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value per 


S° ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Pn ii nil. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills.. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


71 


1 1 


72 


1 2 


73 


1 2 


74 


1 2 


2 


1 42 


2 3 


1 44 


2 4 


1 46 


2 4 


1 48 


2 4 


3 


2 13 


3 5 


2 16 


3 6 


2 19 


3 6 


2 22 


3 7 


4 


2 84 


4 7 


2 88 


4 8 


2 92 


4 8 


2 96 


4 9 


5 


3 55 


5 9 


3 60 


6 


3 65 


6 


3 70 


6 1 


6 


4 26 


7 1 


4 32 


7 2 


4 38 


7 3 


4 44 


7 4 


7 


4 97 


8 2 


5 04 


8 4 


5 11 


8 5 


5 18 


8 6 


8 


5 68 


9 4 


5 76 


9 6 


5 84 


9 7 


5 92 


9 8 


9 


6 39 


10 6 


6 48 


10 8 


6 57 


10 9 


6 66 


11 1 


10 


7 10 


11 8 


7 20 


12 


7 30 


12 1 


7 40 


12 3 


11 


7 81 


13 


7 92 


13 2 


8 03 


13 3 


8 14 


13 5 


12 


8 52 


14 2 


8 64 


14 4 


8 76 


14 6 


8 88 


14 8 


13 


9 23 


15 3 


9 36 


15 6 


9 49 


15 8 


9 62 


16 


14 


9 94 


16 5 


10 08 


16 8 


10 22 


17 


10 36 


17 2 


15 


10 65 


17 7 


10 80 


18 


10 95 


18 2 


1L10 


18 5 


16 


11 36 


18 9 


11 52 


19 2 


11 68 


19 4 


11 84 


19 7 


17 


12 07 


20 1 


12 24 


20 4 


12 41 


20 8 


12 58 


20 9 


18 


12 78 


21 3 


12 96 


21 6 


13 14 


21 9 


13 32 


22 2 


19 


13 49 


22 4 


13 68 


22 8 


13 87 


23 1 


14 06 


23 4 


20 


14 20 


23 6 


14 40 


24 


14 60 


24 3 


14 80 


24 6 


21 


14 91 


24 8 


15 12 


25 2 


15 33 


25 5 


15 54 


25 9 


22 


15 62 


26 


15 84 


26 4 


16 06 


26 7 


16 28 


27 1 


23 


16 33 


27 2 


16 56 


27 6 


16 79 


27 9 


17 02 


28 3 


24 


17 04 


28 4 


17 28 


28 8 


17 52 


29 2 


17 76 


29 6 


25 


17 75 


29 5 


18 00 


30 


18 25 


30 4 


18 50 


30 8 


26 


18 46 


30 7 


18 72 


31 2 


18 98 


31 6 


19 24 


32 


27 


19 17 


31 9 


19 44 


32 4 


19 71 


32 8 


19 98 


33 3 


28 


19 88 


33 1 


20 16 


33 6 


20 44 


34 


20 72 


34 5 


29 


20 59 


34 3 


20 88 


34 8 


21 17 


35 2 


21 46 


35 7 


30 


21 30 


35 5 


21 60 


36 


21 90 


36 5 


22 20 


37 


40 


28 40 


47 3 


28 80 


48 


29 20 


48 6 


29 60 


49 3 


50- 


35 50 


59 1 


36 00 


60 


36 50 


60 8 


37 00 


61 6 


100 


71 00 


118 3 


72 00 


120 


73 00 


121 6 


74 00 


123 3 



250 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



p o 


AT 75 CENTS 


AT 76 CENTS 


AT 77 CENTS 


AT 78 CENTS 


^2, 
hjbd 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSnEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSnEL. 
Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


5° ca 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bashel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


75 


1 2 


76 


1 2 


77 


1 2 


78 


1 3 


2 


1 50 


2 5 


1 52 


2 5 


1 54 


2 5 


1 56 


2 6 


3 


2 25 


3 7 


• 2 28 


3 8 


2 31 


3 8 


2 34 


3 9 


4 


3 00 


5 


3 04 


5 


3 08 


5 1 


3 12 


5 2 


5 


3 75 


6 2 


3 80 


6 3 


3 85 


6 4 


3 90 


6 5 


6 


4 50 


7 5 


4 56 


7 6 


4 62 


7 7 


4 68 


7 8 


7 


5 25 


8 7 


5 32 


8 8 


5 39 


8 9 


5 46 


9 1 


8 


6 00 


10 


6 08 


10 1 


6 16 


10 2 


6 24 


10 4 


9 


6 75 


11 2 


6 84 


11 4 


6 93 


11 5 


7 02 


11 7 


10 


7 50 


12 5 


7 60 


12 6 


7 70 


12 8 


7 80 


13 


11 


8 25 


13 7 


8 36 


13 9 


8 47 


14 1 


8 58 


14 3 


12 


9 00 


15 


9 12 


15 2 


9 24 


15 4 


9 36 


15 6 


13 


9 75 


16 2 


9 88 


16 4 


10 01 


16 6 


10 14 


16 9 


14 


10 50 


17 5 


10 64 


17 7 


10 78 


17 9 


10 92 


18 2 


15 


11 25 


18 7 


11 40 


19 


11 55 


19 2 


11 70 


19 5 


16 


12 00 


20 


12 16 


20 2 


12 32 


20 5 


12 48 


20 8 


17 


12 75 


21 2 


12 92 


21 5 


13 09 


21 8 


13 26 


22 1 


18 


13 50 


22 5 


13 68 


22 8 


13 86 


23 1 


14 04 


23 4 


19 


14 25 


23 7 


14 44 


24 


14 63 


24 3 


14 82 


24 7 


20 


15 00 


25 


15 20 


25 3 


15 40 


25 6 


15 60 


26 


21 


15 75 


26 2 


15 96 


_26 6 


16 17 


26 9- 


16 38 


27 3 


22 


16 50 


27 5 


16 72 


27 8 


16 94 


28 2 


17 16 


28 6 


23 


17 25 


28 7 


17 48 


29 1 


17 71 


29 5 


17 94 


29 9 


24 


18 00 


30 


18 24 


30 4 


18 48 


30 8 


18 72 


31 2 


25 


18 75 


31 2 


19 00 


31 6 


19 25 


32 


19 50' 


32 5 


26 


19 50 


32 5 


19 76 


32 9 


20 02 


33 3 


20 28 


33 8- 


27 


20 25 


33 7 


20 52 


34 2 


20 79 


34 6 


21 06 


35 1 


28 


21 00 


35 


21 28 


35 4 


21 56 


35 9 


21 84 


36 4 


29 


21 75 


36 2 


22 04 


36 7 


22 33 


37 2 


22 62 


37 7 


30 


22 50 


37 5 


22 80 


38 


23 10 


38 5 


23 40 


39 


40 


30 00 


50 


30 40 


50 6 


30 80 


51 3 


31 20 


52 


50 


37 50 


62 5 


38 00 


63 3 


38 50 


64 1 


39 00 


65 


100 


75 00 


125 


76 00 


126 6 


77 00 


128 3 


78 00 


130 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



251 



33 O 


IT 79 CENTS 


AT 80 CENTS 


AT 81 CISTS 


AT 82 CENTS 


5 o 

^»-b 

§^ 

Pi E3" 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


■ 5f 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Ms. Cte. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cis. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. HiHs. 


1 


79 


1 3 


80 


1 3 


81 


1 3 


82 


1 3 


2 


1 58 


2 6 


1 60 


2 6 


1 62 


2 7 


1 64 


2 7 


3 


2 37 


3 9 


2 40 


4 


2 43 


4 


2 46 


4 1 


4 


3 16 


5 2 


3 20 


5 3 


3 24 


5 4 


3 28 


•5 4 


5 


3 95 


6 5 


4 00 


6 6 


4 05 


6 7 


4 10 


6 8 


6 


4 74 


7 9 


4 80 


8 


4 86 


8 1 


4 92 


8 2 


7 


5 53 


9 2 


5 60 


9 3 


5 67 


9 4 


5 74 


9 5 


8 


6 32 


10 5 


6 40 


10 6 


6 48 


10 8 


6 §6 


10 9 


9 


7 11 


11 8 


7 20 


12 


7 29 


12 1 


7 38 


12 3 


10 


7 90 


13 1 


8 00 


13 3 


8 10 


13 5 


8 20 


13 6 


11 


8 69 


14 4 


8 80 


14 6 


8 91 


14 8 


9 02 


15 0-! 


12 


9 48 


15 8 


9 60 


16 


9 72 


16 2 


9 84 


16 4| 


13 


10 27 


17 1 


10 40 


17 3 


10 53 


17 5 


10 66 


17 7| 


14 


11 06 


18 4 


H 20 


18 6 


11 34 


18 9 


11 48 


19 1; 


15 


11 85 


19 7 


12 00 


20 


12 15 


20 2 


12 30 


20 51 


16 


12 64 


21 


12 80 


21 3 


12 96 


21 6 


13 12 


21 8 


IT 


13 43 


22 3 


13 60 


22 6 


13 77 


22 9 


13 94 


23 2 


18 


14 22 


23 7 


14 40 


24 


14 58 


24 3 


14 76 


24 6 


19 


15 01 


25 


15 20 


25 3 


15 39 


25 6 


15 58 


25 9 


20 


15 80 


26 3 


16 00 


26 6 


16 20 


27 


16 40 


23 3 


21 


16 59 


27 6 


16 80 


28 


17 01 


28 3 


17 22 


28 7 


22 


17 38- 


28 9 


17 60 


29 3 


17 82 


29 7 


18 04 


30 


23 


18 17 


30 2 


18 40 


30 6 


18 63 


31 


18 86 


31 4 


24 


18 96 


31 6 


19 20 


32 


19 44 


32 4 


19 68 


32 8 


25 


19 75 


32 9 


20 00 


33 3 


20 25 


33 4 


20 50 


34 1 


26 


20 54 


34 2 


20 80 


34 6 


21 06 


35 1 


21 32 


35 5 


27 


21 33 


35 5 


21 60 


36 


21 87 


36 4 


22 14 


36 9 


28 


22 12 


36 8 


22 40 


37 3 


22 68 


37 8 


22 96 


38 2 


29 


22 91 


38 1 


23 20 


38 6 


23 49 


39 1 


23 78 


39 6 


30 


23 70 


39 5 


24 00 


40 


24 30 


40 5 


24 60 


41 


40 


31 60 


52 6 


32 00 


53 3 


32 40 


54 


32 80 


54 6 


50 


39 50 


65 8 


40 00 


66 6 


40 50 


67 5 


41 00 


68 3 


100 


79 00 


131 6 


80 00 


133 3 


81 00 


135 


82 00 


136 6 



252 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



pa o 


AT 83 CENTS 


AT 84 CENTS 


AT 85 CENTS 


AT 86 CENTS 


6* 

hdtD 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pouuu. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


C2_,Ct> 

£° ST 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


83 


1 3 


84 


1 4 


85 


1 4 


86 


1 4 


2 


1 66 


2 7 


1 68 


■ 2 8 


1 70 


2 8 


1 72 


2 8 


3 


2 49 


4 1 


2 52 


4 2 


2 55 


4 2 


2 58 


4 3 


4 


3 32 


5 5 


3 36 


5 6 


3 40 


5 6 


3 44 


5 7 


5 


4 15 


.6 9 


4 20 


7 


4 25 


7 


4 30 


7 1 


6 


4 98 


8 3 


5 04 


8 4 


5 10 


8 5 


5 16 


8 6 


7 


5 81 


9 6 


5 88 


9 8 


5 95 


9 9 


6 02 


10 


8 


6 64 


11 


6 72 


11 2 


6 80 


11 3 


6 88 


11 4 


9 


7 47 


12 4 


7 56 


12 6 


7 65 


12 7 


7 74 


12 9 


10 


8 30 


13 8 


8 40 


14 


8 50 


14 1 


8 60 


14 3 


11 


9 13 


15 2 


9 24 


15 4 


9 35 


15 5 


9 46 


15 7 


12 


9 96 


16 6 


10 08 


16 8 


10 20 


17 


10 32 


17 2 


13 


10 79 


17 9 


10 92 


18 2 


11 05 


18 4 


11 18 


18 6 


14 


11 62 


19 3 


11 76 


19 6 


11 90 


19 8 


12 04 


20 


15 


12 45 


20 7 


12 60 


21 


12 75 


21 2 


12 90 


21 5 


16 


13 28 


22 1 


13 44 


22 4 


13 60 


22 6 


13 76 


22 9 


17 


14 11 


23 6 


14 28 


23 8 


14 45 


24 


14 62 


24 3 


18 


14 94 


24 9 


15 12 


25 2 


15 30 


25 5 


15 48 


25 8 


19 


15 77 


26 2 


15 96 


26 6 


16 15 


26 9 


16 34 


27 2 


20 


16 60 


27 6 


16 80 


28 


17 00 


28 3 


17 20 


28 6 


21 


17 43 


29 


17 64 


29 4 


17 85 


29 .7 


18 06 


30 1 


22 


18 26 


30 4 


18 48 


30 8 


18 70 


311 


18 92 


31 5 


23 


19 09 


31 8 


19 32 


32 2 


19 55 


32 5 


19 78 


32 9 


24 


19 92 


33 2 


20 16 


33 6 


20 40 


34 


20 64 


34 4 


25 


20 75 


34 5 


21 00 


35 


21 25 


35 4 


21 50 


35 8 


26 


21 58 


35 9 


21 84 


36 4 


22 10 


36 8 


22 36 


37 2 


27 


22 41 


37 3 


22 68 


37 8 


22 95 


38 2 


23 22 


38 7 


28 


23 24 


38 7 


23 52 


39 2 


23 80 


39 6 


24 08 


40 1 


29 


24 07 


40 1 


24 36 


40 6 


24 65 


41 


24 94 


41 5 


30 


24 90 


41 5 


25 20 


42 


25 50 


42 5 


25 88 


43 1 


40 


33 20 


55 3 


33 60 


56 


34 00 


56 6 


34 40 


57 3 


50 


41 50 


69 1 


42 00 


70 


42 50 


70 8 


43 00 


71 6 


100 


83 00 


138 3 


84 00 


140 


85 00 


141 6 


86 00 


143 3 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



253 



95 


IT 87 CEMS 


AT U CENTS 


AT 89 CEMS 


AT 90 CEMS 


hdbd 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL 


2 pi 

CO 

(3 =f 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


P'sr 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Hills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Hills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


87 


1 4 


88 


1 4 


89 


1 4 


90 


' 1 5 


2 


1 74 


2 9 


1 76 


2 9 


1 78 


2 9 


1 80 


3 


3 


2 61 


4 3 


2 64 


4 4 


2 67 


4 4 


2 70 


4 5 


4 


3 48 


5 8 


3 52 


5 8 


3 56 


5 9 


3 60 


6 


5 


4 35 


7 2 


4 40 


7 3 


4 45 


7 4 


4 50 


7 5 


6 


5 22 


8 7 


5 28 


8 8 


5 34 


8 9 


5 40 


9 


7 


6 09 


10 1 


6 16 


10 2 


6 23 


10 3 


6 30 


10 5 


8 


6 96 


11 6 


7 04 


11 7 


7 12 


11 8 


7 20 


12 


9 


7 83 


13 


7 92 


13 2 


8 01 


13 3 


8 10 


13 5 


10 


8 70 


14 5 


8 80 


14 6 


8 90 


14 8 


9 00 


15 


11 


9 57 


15 9 


9 68 


16 1 


9 79 


16 3 


9 90 


16 5 


12 


10 44 


17 4 


10 56 


17 6 


10 68 


17 8 


10 80 


18 


13 


11 31 


18 8 


11 44 


19 


11 57 


19 2 


11 70 


19 5 


14 


12 18 


20 3 


12 32 


20 5 


12 46 


20 7 


12 60 


21 


15 


13 05 


21 7 


13 20 


22 


13 35 


22 2 


13 50 


22 5 


16 


.13 92 


23 2 


14 08 


23 4 


14 24 


23 7 


14 40 


24 


17 


14 79 


24 6 


14 96 


24 9 


15 13 


25 2 


15 30 


25 5 


18 


15 66 


26 1 


15 84 


26 4 


16 02 


26 7 


16 20 


27 


19 


16 53 


.27 5 


16 72 


27 8 


16 91 


28 1 


17 10 


28 5 


20 


17 40 


29 


17 60 


29 3 


17 80 


29 6 


18 00 


30 


21 


18 27 


30 6 


18 48 


30 8 


18 69 


31 1 


18 90 


31 5 


22 


19 14 


31 9 


19 36 


32 2 


19 58 


32 6 


19 80 


33 


23 


20 01 


33 3 


20 24 


33 7 


20 47 


34 1 


20 70 


34 5 


24 


20 88 


34 8 


21 12 


35 2 


21 36 


35 6 


21 60 


36 


25 


21 75 


36 2 


22 00 


36 6 


22 25 


37 


22 50 


37 5 


26 


22 62 


37 7 


22 88 


38 1 


23 14 


38 5 


23 40 


39 


27 


23 49 


39 1 


23 76 


39 6 


24 03 


40 


24 30 


40 5 


28 


24 36 


40 6 


24 64 


41 


24 92 


41 5 


25 20 


42 


29 


25 23 


42 


25 52 


42 5 


25 81 


43 


26 10 


43 5 


30 


26 10 


43 5 


26 40 


44 


26 70 


44 5 


27 00 


45 


40 


34 80 


58 


35 20 


58 6 


35 60 


59 3 


36 00 


60 


50 


43 50 


72 5 


44 00 


73 3 


44 50 


74 1 


45 00 


75"0 


100 


87 00 


145 


88 00 


146 6 


89 00 


148 3 


90 00 


150 



22 



254 



THE HILLBfi, MILLWRIGHT 



6* 

SO O 


AT 91 CE\TS 


AT 92 CENTS 


AT 93 GENTS 


AT 9i CENTS 


Hdbd 

O 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Cl>cd 

TO gj"* 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


91 


1 5 


92 


1 5 


93 


1 5 


94 


1 5 


2 


1 82 


3 


1 84 


3 


1 86 


3 1 


1 88 


3 1 


3 


2 73 


4 5 


2 76 


4 6 


2 79. 


4 6 


2 82 


4 7 


4 


3 64 


6 


3 68 


6 1 


3 72 


6 2 


3 76 


6 2 


5 


4 55 


7 5 


4 60 


7 6 


4 65 


7 7 


4 70 


7 8 


6 


5 46 


9 1 


5 52 


9 2 


5 58 


9 3 


5 64 


9 4 


7 


6 37 


10 6 


6 44 


10 7 


6 51 


10 8 


6 58 


10 9 


8 


7 28 


12 1 


7 36 


12 2 


7 44 


12 4 


7 52 


12 5 


9 


8 19 


13 6 


8 28 


13 8 


8 37 


13 9 


8 46 


14 1 


10 


9 10 


15 1 


9 20 


15 3 


9 30 


15 5 


9 40 


15 6 


11 


10 01 


16 6 


10 12 


16 8 


10 23 


17 


10 34 


17 2 


12 


10 92 


18 2 


11 04 


18 4 


11 16 


18 6 


11 28 


18 8 


13 


11 83 


19 7 


11 96 


19 9 


12 09 


20 1 


12 22 


20 3 


14 


12 74 


21 2 


12 88 


21 4 


13 02 


21 7 


13 16 


21 9 


15 


13 j65 


22 7 


13 80 


23 


13 95 


23 2 


14 10 


23 5 


16 


14 56 


24 2 


14 72 


24 5 


14 88 


24 8 


15 04 


25 


17 


15 47 


25 7 


15 64 


26 


15 81 


26 3 


15 98 


26 6 


18 


16 38 


27 3 


16 56 


27 6 


16 74 


27 9 


16 92 


28 2 


19 


17 29 


28 8 


17 48 


29 1 


17 67 


29 4 


17 86 


29 7 


20 


18 20 


30 3 


18 40 


30 6 


18 60 


31 


18 80 


31 1 


21 


19 11 


31 8 


19 32 


32 2 


19 53 


32 5 


19 74 


32 9 


22 


20 02 


33 3 


20 24 


33 7 


20 46 


34 1 


20 68 


34 4 


23 


20 93 


34 8 


21 16 


35 2 


21 39 


35 6 


21 62 


36 


24 


21 84 


36 4 


22 08 


36 8 


22 32 


37 2 


22 56 


37 6 


25 


22 75 


37 9 


23 00 


38 3 


23 25 


38 7 


23 50 


39 1 


26 


23 66 


39 4 


23 92 


39 8 


24 18 


40 3 


24 44 


40 7 


27 


24 57 


40 9 


24 84 


41 4 


25 11 


41 8 


25 38 


42 3 


28 


25 48 


42 4 


2(5 76 


42 9 


26 04 


43 4 


26 32 


43 8 


29 


26 39 


43 9 


26 68 


44 4 


26 97 


44 9 


27 26 


45 4 


30 


27 30 


45 5 


27 60 


46 


27 90 


46 5 


28 20 


47 


40 


36 40 


60 6 


36 80 


61 3 


37 20 


62 


37 60 


62 6 


50 


45 50 


75 8 


46 00 


76 6 


46 50 


77 5 


47 00 


78 3 


100 


91 00 


151 6 


92 00 


153 3 


93 00 


155 


94 00 


156 6 



ASTD ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



255 



JO o 


AT 95 CENTS 


AT 96 CENTS 


AT 97 CENTS 


AT 98 CENTS 


hdtod 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


^& 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Polls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


95 


1 5 


96 


1 6 


97j 


1 6 


98 


1 6 


2 


1 90 


3 1 


1 92 


3 2 


1 94 


3 2 


1 96 


3 2 


3 


2 85 


4 7 


2 88 


4 8 


2 91 


4 8 


2 94 


4 9 


4 


3 80 


6 3 


3 84 


6 4 


3 88 


6 4 


3 92 


6 5 


5 


4 75 


7 9 


4 80 


8 


4 85 


8 


4 90 


8 1 


6 


5 70 


9 5 


5 76 


9 6 


5 82 


9 7 


5 88 


9 8 


7 


6 65 


11 


6 72 


11 2 


6 79 


11 3 


6 86 


11 4 


8 


7 60 


12 6 


7 68 


12 8 


7 76 


12 9 


7 84 


13 


9 


8 55 


14 2 


8 64 


14 4 


8 73 


14 5 


8 82 


14 7 


10 


9 50 


15 8 


9 60 


16 


9 70 


16 1 


9 80 


16 3 


11 


10 45 


17 4 


10 56 


17 6 


10 67 


17 7 


10 78 


17 9 


12 


11 40 


19 


11 52 


19 2 


11 64 


19 4 


11 76 


19 6 


13 


12 35 


20 5 


12 48 


20 8 


12 61 


21 


12 74 


21 2 


14 


13 30 


22 1 


13 44 


22 4 


13 58 


22 6 


13 72 


22 8 


15 


14 25 


23 7 


14 40 


24 


14 55 


24 2 


14 70 


24 5 


16 


15 20 


25 3 


15 36 


25 6 


15 52 


25 8 


15 68 


26 1 


17 


16 15 


26 4 


16 32 


27 2 


16 49 


27 4 


16 6Q 


27 7 


18 


17 10 


28 5 


17 28 


28 8 


17 46 


29 1 


17 64 


29 4 


19 


18 05 


30 


18 24 


30 4 


18 43 


30 7 


18 62 


31 


20 


19 00 


31 6 


19 20 


32 


19 40 


32 3 


19 60 


32 6 


21 


19 95 


33 2 


20 16 


33 6 


20 37 


33 9 


20 58 


34 3 


22 


20 90 


34 8 


21 22 


35 2 


21 34 


35 5 


21 56 


35 9 


23 


21 85 


'.36 4 


22 08 


36 8 


22 31 


37 1 


22 54 


37 5 


24 


22 80 


38 


23 04 


38 4 


23 28 


38 8 


23 52 


39 2 


25 


23 75 


39 5 


24 00 


4u 


24 25 


40 4 


24 50 


40 8 


26 


24 70 


41 1 


24 96 


41 6 


25 22 


42 


25 48 


42 4 


27 


25 65 


42 7 


25 92 


43 2 


26 19 


43 6 


26 46 


44 1 


28 


26 60 


44 3 


26 88 


44 8 


27 16 


45 2 


27 44 


45 7 


29 


27 55 


45 9 


27 84 


46 4 


28 13 


46 8 


28 42 


47 3 


30 


28 50 


47 5 


28 80 


48 


29 10 


48 5 


29 40 


49 


40 


38 00 


63 3 


38 40 




38 80 


64 6 


39 20 


65 3 


50 


47 50 


79 1 


48 00 


80 


48 50 


80 8 


49 00 


81 6 


100 


95 00 


158 3 


96 00 


160 


97 00 


161 6 


98 00 


163 3 



256 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



P o 


AT 99 CENTS 


AT 100 CENTS 


AT 101 CEXTS 


AT 102 CENTS 


•-dW 

O 

B 0- 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 
Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


CUCD 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound, 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


DoUs. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


99 


1 6 


1 00 


1 6 


1 01 


1 6 


102 


17 


2 


1 98 


33 


2 00 


3 3 


2 02 


33 


2 04 


34 


3 


2 97 


49 


3 00 


5 


3 03 


5 


3 06 


51 


4 


3 96 


6 6 


4 00 


6 6 


4 04 


6 7 


4 08 


68 


5 


4 95 


82 


5 00 


83 


5 05 


84 


5 10 


8 5 


6 


5 94 


9 9 


6 00 


10 


6 06 


10 1 


6 12 


10 2 


7 


6 93 


11 5 


7 00 


11 6 


7 07 


11 7 


7 14 


11 9 


8 


7 92 


13 2 


8 00 


13 3 


8 08 


13 4 


8 16 


13 6 


9 


8 91 


14 8 


9 00 


15 


9 09 


15 1 


9 18 


15 3 


10 


9 90 


16 5 


10 00 


16 6 


10 10 


16 8 


10 20 


17 


11 


10 89 


18 1 


11 00 


18 3 


11 11 


18 5 


1122 


18 7 


12 


1188 


19 8 


12 00 


20 


12 12 


20 2 


12 24 


20 4 


13 


12 87 


214 


13 00 


21 6 


13 13 


21 8 


13 26 


22 1 


14 


13 86 


23 1 


14 00 


23 3 


14 14 


23 5 


14 28 


23 8 


15 


14 85 


24 7 


15 00 


25 


15 15 


25 2 


15 30 


25 5 


16 


15 84 


26 4 


16 00 


26 6 


16 16 


26 9 


16 32 


27 2 


17 


16 83 


28 


17 00 


28 3 


17 17 


28 6 


17 34 


28 9 


18 


17 82 


29 7 


18 00 


30 


18 18 


30 3 


18 36 


30 6 


19 


18 81 


31 3 


19 00 


31 6 


19 19 


31 9 


19 38 


32 3 


20 


19 80 


33 


20 00 


33 3 


20 20 


33 6 


20 40 


34 


21 


20 79 


34 6 


21 00 


35 


21 21 


35 3 


2142 


35 7 


22 


21 78 


36 3 


22 00 


36 6 


22 22 


37 


22 44 


37 4 


23 


22 77 


37 9 


23 00 


38 3 


23 23 


38 7 


23 46 


39 1 


24 


23 76 


39 6 


24 00 


40 


24 24 


40 4 


24 48 


40 8 


25 


24 75, 


412 


25 00 


. 41 6 


25 25 


42 


25 50 


42 5 


26 


25 74 


42 9 


26 00 


43 3 


26 26 


43 7 


26 52 


442 


27 


26 73 


44 5 


27 00 


45 


27 27 


45 4 


27 54 


45 9 


28 


27 72 


46 2 


28 00 


46 6 


28 28 


47 1 


28 56 


47 6 


29 


28 71 


47 8 


29 00 


48 3 


29 29 


48 8 


29 58 


49 3 


30 


29 70 


49 5 


30 00 


50 


30 30 


50 5 


30 60 


510 


40 


39 60 


66 


40 00 


66 6 


40 40 


67 3 


40 80 


68 


50 


49 50 


82 5 


50 00 


83 3 


50 50 


84 1 


51 00 


• 85 


100 


99 00 


165 


100 00 


166 6 


101 00 


168 3 


102 00 


170 



AXD EXGIXEERS GUIDE. 



257 



p o 
hJDO 


AT 103 CENTS AT 104 CENTS 


AT 105 CERTS 


AT 106 CEMS 


PER BCSHEL 


PEB 


BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


O £3 


Value per 


Yaluc per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 

PoilM. 


CL.CD 

£° ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cte. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


103 


1 7 


1 04 


17 


105 


17 


106 


1 7 


2 


2 06 


34 


2 08 


34 


2 10 


35 


2 12 


3 5 


3 


3 09 


5 1 


3 L2 


52 


3 15 


5 2 


3 18 


5 3 


4 


4 12 


6 8 


4 16 


6 9 


4 20 


70 


4 24 


7 


5 


5 15 


8 5 


5 20 


8 6 


5 25 


87 


5 30 


88 


6 


6 18 


10 3 


6 24 


10 4 


6 30 


10 5 


6 36 


10 6 


7 


7 21 


12 


7 28 


12 1 


7 35 


12 2 


7 42 


12 3 


8 


8 24 


13 7 


8 32 


13 8 


8 40 


14 


8 48 


14 1 


9 


9 27 


15 4 


9 36 


15 6 


9 45 


15 7 


9 54 


15 9 


10 


10 30 


17 1 


10 40 


17 3 


10 50 


17 5 


10 60 


17 6 


11 


11 33 


18 8 


1144 


19 


11 55 


19 2 


11 66 


19 4 


12 


12 36 


20 6 


12 48 


20 8 


12 60 


21 


12 72 


21 2 


13 


13 39 


22 3 


13 52 


22 5 


13 65 


22 7 


13 78 


22 9 


14 


14 42 


24 


14 56 


24 2 


14 70 


24 5 


14 84 


24 7 


15 


15 45 


25 7 


15 60 


26 


15 75 


26 2 


15 90 


26 5 


16 


16 48 


27'4 


16 64 


27 7 


16 80 


28 


16 96 


28 2 


17 


17 51 


29 1 


17 68 


29 4 


17 85 


29 7 


18 02 


30 


18 


18 54 


30 9 


18 72 


30 7 


18 90 


31 5 


19 08 


31 8 


19 


19 57 


32 7 


19 76 


32 9 


19 95 


33 2 


20 14 


33 5 


20 


20 60 


34 3 


20 80 


34 6 


21 00 


35 


21 20 


35 3 


21 


21 63 


36 


2184 


36 4 


22 05 


36 7 


22 26 


37 1 


22 


22 66 


37 7 


22 88 


38 1 


23 10 


38 5 


23 32 


38 8 


23 


23 69 


39 4 


23 92 


39 8 


24 15 


40 2 


24 38 


40 6 


24 


24 72 


41 2 


24 96 


41 6 


25 20 


42 


25 44 


42 4 


25 


25 75 


42 9 


26 00 


43 3 


26 25 


43 7 


26 50 


44 1 


26 


26 78 


44 6 


27 04 


45 


27 30 


45 5 


27 56 


45 9 


27 


27 81 


46 3 


28 08 


46 8 


28 35 


47 2 


28 62 


47 7 


28 


28 84 


48 


29 12 


48 5 


29 40 


49 


29 68 


49 4 


29 


29 87 


49 7 


30 16 


50 2 


30 45 


50 7 


30 74 


51 2 


30 


30 90 


51 5 


31 20 


52 


31 50 


52 5 


31 80 


53 


40 


41 20 


68 6 


41 60 


69 3 


42 00 


70 


42 40 


70 6 


50 


51 50 


85 8 


52 00 


86 6 


52 50 


87 5 


53 00 


88 3 


100 


103 00 


171 7 104 00 


173 3 


(105 00 


175 


106 00 


176 6 



22* 



258 



THE JIILLEll, MILLWIUGIIT 



?a o 


IT 107 CEXTS 


AT 108 CERTS 


AT 109 CENTS 


AT 110 CEXTS 




PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


107 


1 7 


1 08 


1 8 


1 09 


1 8 


1 10 


1 8 


2 


2 14 


3 5 


2 16 


3 6 


2 18 


36 


2 20 


36 


3 


3 21 


5 3 


3 24 


5 4 


3 27 


54 


3 30 


5 5 


4 


4 28 


71 


4 32 


72 


4 36 


72 


4 40 


7 3 


5 


5 35 


98 


5 40 


90 


5 45 


90 


5 50 


9 1 


6 


6 42 


10 7 


6 48 


10 8 


6 54 


10 9 


6 60 


11 


7 


7 49 


12 4 


7 56 


12 6 


7 63 


12 7 


7 70 


12 8 


8 


8 56 


14 2 


8 64 


14 4" 


8 72 


14 5 


8 80 


14 6 


9 


9 63 


16 


9 72 


16 2 


9 81 


16 3 


9 90 


16 5 


10 


10 70 


17 8 


10 80 


18 


10 90 


18 1 


11 00 


18 3 


11 


11 77 


19 6 


11 88 


19 8 


11 99 


19 9 


12 10 


20 1 


12 


12 84 


214 


12 96 


21 6 


13 08 


21 8 


13 20 


22 


13 


13 91 


23 1 


14 04 


23 4 


14 17 


23 6 


14 30 


23 8 


14 


14 98 


24 9 


15 12 


25 2 


15 26 


25 4 


15 40 


25 6 


15 


16 05 


26 7 


16 20 


27 


16 35 


27 2 


16 50 


27 5 


16 


17 12 


28 5 


17 28 


28 8 


1T44 


29 


17 60 


29 3 


17 


18 15 


30 3 


18 36 


30 6 


18 53 


30 8 


18 70 


31 1 


18 


19 26 


32 1 


19 44 


32 4 


19 62 


32 7 


19 80 


33 


19 


20 33 


33 8 


20 52 


34 2 


20 71 


34 5 


20 90 


34 8 


20 


2140 


35 6 


21 60 


36 


21 80 


36 3 


22 00 


36 6 


21 


22 47 


37 4 


22 68 


37 8 


22 89 


38 1 


23 10 


38 5 


22 


23 54 


39 2 


23 76 


39 6 


23 98 


39 9 


24 20 


40 3 


23 


24 61 


41 


24 84 


414 


25 07 


41 7 


25 30 


42 1 


24 


25 68 


42 8 


25 92 


43 2 


26 16 


43 6 


26 40 


44 


25 


26 75 


44 5 


27 00 


45 


27 25 


45 4 


27 50 


45 8 


26 


27 82 


46 3 


28 08 


46 8 


28 34 


47 2 


28 60 


47 6 


27 


28 89 


48 1 


29 16 


48 6 


29 43 


49 


29 70 


49 5 


28 


29 96 


49 9 


30 24 


50 4 


30 52 


50 8 


30 80 


51 3 


29 


31 03 


517 


31 32 


52 2 


31 61 


52 6 


31 90 


53 1 


30 


32 10 


53 5 


32 40 


54 


32 70 


54 5 


33 00 


55 


40 


42 80 


71 3 


43 20 


82 


43 60 


72 6 


44 00 


73 3 


50 


53 50 


89 1 


54 00 


90 C 


54 50 


90 8 


55 00 


91 6 


100 


107 00 


178 3 


108 00 


180 


109 00 


181 6 


110 00 


183 3 



axd engineer's guide. 



259 



!z5 

JO O 


AT 111 CERTS 


AT 112 CENTS 


AT 113 CENTS 


IT 111 CE.VIS 


^2, 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


05 


Value per \alue per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


CL.CD 


Bushel. I Pound. 


Bushel. ! 


Bushel. , 


Pound. | 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


Ill 


1 8 


112 


1 8 


1 13 


1 8 


1 14 


1 9 


2 


"2 22 


3 7 


2 24 


37 


2 26 


3 7 


2 28 


3 8 


3 


3 33 


5 5 


3 36 


56 


3 39 


56 


3 42 


5 7 


4 


4 44 


7 4 


4 48 


74 


4 52 


7 5 


4 56 


7 6 


5 


5 55 


9 2 


5 60 


9 3 


5 65 


94 


5 70 


9 5 


6 


6 66 


11 1 


6 72 


11 2 


6 78 


113 


6 84 


11 4 


7 


7 77 


12 9 


7 84 


13 


7 91 


13 1 


7 98 


13 3 


8 


8 88 


14 3 


8 96 


14 9 


9 04 


15 


9 12 


15 2 


9 


9 99 


16 6 


10 08 


16 8 


10 17 


16 9 


10 26 


17 1 


10 


1110 


18 5 


11 20 


18 6 


11 30 


18 8 


1140 


19 


11 


12 21 


20 3 


12 32 


20 5 


12 43 


20 7 


12 54 


20 9 


12 


13 32 


22 2 


13 44 


22 4 


13 56 


22 6 


13 68 


22 8 


13 


14 43 


24 


14 56 


24 2 


14 69 


24 4 


14 82 


24 7 


14 


15 54 


25 9 


15 68 


26 1 


15 82 


26 3 


15 96 


26 6 


15 


16 65 


27 7 


. 16 80 


28 


16 95 


28 2 


17 10 


28 5 


16 


17 76 


29 6 


17 92 


29 8 


18 08 


30 1 


18 24 


30 4 


17 


18 87 


314 


19 04 


31 7 


19 21 


32 


19 38 


32 3 


18 


19 98 


33 3 


20 16 


33 6 


20 34 


33 9 


20 52 


34 2 


19 


21 09 


35 1 


21 28 


35 4 


2147 


35 7 


21 66 


36 1 


20 


22 20 


37 


22 40 


37 3 


22 60 


37 6 


22 80 


38 


21. 


23 31 


38 8 


23 52 


39 2 


23 73 


39 5 


23 94 


39 9 


22 


24 42 


40 T 


24 64 


41 


24 86 


414 


25 08 


41 8 


23 


25 53 


42 5 


25 76 


42 9 


25 99 


43 3 


26 22 


43 7 


24 


26 64 


444 


26 88 


448 


27 12 


45 2 


27 36 


45 6 


25 


27 75 


46 2 


28 00 


46 6 


28 25 


47 


28 50 


47 5 


26 


28 86 


48 1 


29 12 


48 5 


29 38 


48 9 


29 64 


49 4 


27 


29 97 


49 9 


30 24 


50 4 


30 51 


50 3 


30 78 


51 3 


28 


31 08 


51 8 


3136 


52 2 


31 64 


52 7 


31 92 


53 2 


29 


32 19 


53 6 


32 48 


54 1 


32 77 


54 6 


33 06 


55 1 


30 


33 30 


55 5 


33 60 


56 


33 90 


56 5 


34 20 


57 


40 


44 40 


74 


44 80 


74 6 


45 20 


75 3 


45 60 


76 


50 


55 50 


92 5 


56 00 


93 3 


56 50 


94 1 


57 00 


95 


100 


11100 


185 


112 00 


186 6 


113 00 


188 3 


114 00 


190 



260 



TIIE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



!z5 
go o 


AT 115 CENTS 


AT 116 CENTS 


AT 117 CENTS 


AT 118 CENTS 




PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 

Value per Valifl per 


PER BUSHEL 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


p'sr 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pouud. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 
Cts. Mills. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 15 


1 9 


116 


1 9 


1 17 


1 9 


118 


1 9 


2 


2 30 


38 


2 32 


3 8 


2 34 


3 9 


2 36 


3 9 


3 


3 45 


5 7 


3 48 


5 8 


3 51 


5 8 


3 54 


5 9 


4 


4 60 


7 6 


4 64 


7 7 


4 68 


78 


4 72 


7 8 


5 


5 75 


9 5 


5 80 


96 


5 85 


9 7 


5 90 


98 


6 


6 90 


11 5 


6 96 


11 6 


7 02 


11 7 


7 08 


11 8 


7 


8 05 


13 4 


8 12 


13 5 


8 19 


13 6 


8 26 


13 7 


8 


9 20 


15 3 


9 28 


15 4 


9 36 


15 6 


9 44 


15 7. 


9 


10 35 


17 2 


10 44 


17 4 


10 53 


17 5 


10 62 


17 7 


10 


11 50 


19 1 


11 60 


19 3 


11 70 


19 5 


11 80 


19 6 


11 


12 65 


21 


12 76 


21 2 


12 87 


214 


12 98 


21 6 


12 


13 80 


23 


13 92 


23 2 


14 04 


23 4 


14 16 


23 6 


13 


14 95 


24 9 


15 08 


25 1 


15 21 


25 3 


15 34 


25 5 


14 


16 10 


26 8 


16 24 


27 


16 38 


27 3 


16 52 


27 5 


15 


17 25 


28 7 


17 40 


29 


17 55 


29 2 


17 70 


29 5 


16 


18 40 


30 6 


18 56 


30 9 


18 72 


31 2 


18 88 


314 


17 


19 55 


32 5 


19 72 


32 8 


19 89 


33 1 


20 06 


33 4 


18 


20 70 


34 5 


20 88 


34 8 


21 06 


35 1 


21 24 


35 4 


19 


21 85 


36 4 


22 04 


36 7 


22 23 


37 


22 42 


37 3 


20 


23 00 


38 3 


23 20 


38 6 


23 40 


39 


23 60 


39 3 


21 


24 15 


' 40 2 


24 36 


40 6 


24 57 


40 9 


24 78 


41 3 


22 


25 30 


42 1 


25 52 


42 5 


25 74 


42 9 


25 96 


43 2 


23 


26 45 


440 


26 68 


44 4 


26 91 


44 8 


27 14 


45 2 


24 


27 60 


46 


27 84 


46 4 


28 08 


46 8 


28 32 


47 2 


25 


28 75 


47 9 


29 00 


48 3 


29 24 


48 7 


29 50 


49 1 


26 


29 90 


49 8 


30 16 


50 2 


30 42 


50 7 


30 68 


51 1 


27 


3105 


51 7 


3132 


52 2 


31 59 


52 6 


31 86 


53 1 


28 


32 20 


53 6 


32 48 


54 1 


32 76 


54 6 


33 04 


55 


29 


33 35 


55 5 


33 64 


56 


33 93 


56 6 


34 22 


57 


30 


34 50 


57 5 


34 80 


58 


35 10 


58 5 


35 40 


59 


40 


46 00 


76 6 


46 40 


77 3 


46 80 


78 


47 20 


78 6 


50 


57 50 


95 8 


58 00 


96 6 


58 50 


97 5 


59 00 


98 3 


LOO 


115 00 


191 6 


116 00 


193 3 


117 00 


195 


118 00 


196 6 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



261 



fe5 


AT 119 CENTS 


AT 120 CENTS 


AT 121 CENTS 


AT 122 CENTS 


O pi 

pi to 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls, Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 19 


1 9 


120 


2 


121 


2 


1 22 


20 


2 


2 38 


3 9 


2 40 


40 


2 42 


40 


244 


40 


3 


3 57 


5 9 


3 60 


6 


3 63 


6 


3 66 


61 


4 


4 76 


7 9 


4 80 


8 


4 84 


80 


4 88 


81 


5 


5 95 


9 9 


6 00 


10 


6 05 


10 


6 10 


10 1 


6 


7 14 


119 


7 20 


12 


7 26 


12 1 


7 32 


12 2 


7 


8 33 


13 8 


8 40 


14 


8 47 


14 1 


8 54 


14 2 


8 


9 52 


15 8 


9 60 


16 


9 68 


16 1 


9 76 


16 2 


9 


10 71 


17 8 


10 80 


18 


10 89 


18 1 


10 98 


18 3 


10 


11 90 


19 8 


12 00 


20 


12 10 


20 1 


12 20 


20 3 


11 


13 09 


21 8 


13 20 


22 


13 31 


22 1 


13 42 


22 3 


12 


14 28 


23 8 


14 40 


24 


14 52 


24 2 


14 64 


24 4 


13 


15 47 


25 7 


15 60 


26 


15 73 


26 2 


15 86 


26 4 


14 


16 6Q 


27 7 


16 80 


28 


16 94 


28 2 


17 08 


28 4 


15 


17 85 


29 7 


18 00 


30 


18 15 


30 2 


18 30 


30 5 


16 


19 04 


31 7 


19 20 


32 


19 36 


32 2 


19 52 


32 5 


17 


20 23 


33 7 


20 40 


34 


20 57 


34 2 


20 74 


34 5 


18 


2142 


35 7 


21 60 


36 


21 78 


36 3 


21 96 


36 6 


19 


22 61 


37 6 


22 80 


38 


22 99 


38 3 


23 18 


38 6 


20 


23 80 


39 6 


24 00 


40 


24 20 


40 3 


24 40 


40 6 


21 


24 99 


41 6 


25 20 


42 


25 41 


42 3 


25 62 


42 7 


22 


26 18 


43 6 


26 40 


44 


26 62 


443 


26 84 


44 7 


23 


27 37 


45 6 


27 60 


46 


27 83 


46 3 


28 06 


46 7 


24 


28 56 


47 6 


28 80 


48 


29 04 


48 4 


29 28 


48 8 


25 


29 75 


49 5 


30 00 


50 


30 25 


50 4 


30 50 


50 8 


26 


30 94 


51 5 


31 20 


52 


3146 


52 4 


31 72 


52 8 


27 


32 13 


53 5 


32 40 


54 


32 67 


54 4 


32 94 


54 9 


28 


33 32 


55 5 


33 60 


56 


33 88 


56 4 


34 16 


56 9 


29 


34 51 


57 5 


34 80 


58 


35 09 


58 4 


35 38 


58 9 


30 


35 70 


59 5 


36 00 


60 


36 30 


60 5 


36 60 


610 


40 


47 60 


79 3 


48 00 


80 


48 40 


80 6 


48 80 


81 3 


50 


59 50 


99 1 


60 00 


•100 


60 50 


100 8 


6100 


101 6 


100 


119 00 


198 3 


120 00 


200 


121 00 


201 6 


122 00 


203 3 



262 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



?0 O 


AT 123 CENTS 


AT 124 CENTS 


AT 125 CENTS 


AT 126 CENTS 




PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


O 

W 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per! 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 23 


2 


124 


2 


125 


20 


126 


2 1 


2 


2 46 


41 


2 48 


41 


2 50 


41 


2 52 


42 


3 


3 69 


61 


3 72 


62 


3 75 


6 2 


3 78 


6 3 


4 


4 92 


82 


4 96 


82 


5 00 


8 3 


5 04 


84 


5 


6 15 


10 2 


6 20 


10 3 


6 25 


10 4 


6 30 


10 5 


6 


7 38 


12 3 


7 44 


12 4 


7 50 


12 5 


7 56 


12 6 


7 


8 61 


14 3 


8 68 


14 4 


8 75 


14 5 


8 82 


14 7 


8 


9 84 


16 4 


9 92 


16 5 


10 00 


16 6 


10 08 


16 8 


9 


11 07 


18 4 


11 16 


18 6 


11 25 


18 7 


11 34 


18 9 


10 


12 30 


20 5 


12 40 


20 6 


12 50 


20 8 


12 60 


210 


11 


13 53 


22 5 


13 64 


22 7 


13 75 


22 9 


13 86 


23 1 


12 


14 76 


24 6 


14 88 


24 8 


15 00 


25 


15 12 


25 2 


13 


15 99 


26 6 


16 12 


26 8 


16 25 


27 


16 38 


27 3 


14 


17 22 


28 7 


17 36 


28 9 


17 50 


29 1 


17 64 


29 4 


15 


18 45 


30 7 


18 60 


31 


• 18 75 


31 2 


18 90 


31 5 


16 


19 68 


32 8 


19 84 


33 1 


20 00 


33 3 


20 16 


33 6 


17 


20 91 


34 8 


21 08 


35 1 


21 25 


35 4 


2142 


35 7 


18 


22 14 


36 9 


22 32 


37 2 


22 50 


37*5 


22 68 


37 8 


19 


23 37 


38 9 


23 56 


39 2 


23 75 


39 5 


23 94 


39 9 


20 


24 60 


41 


24 80 


413 


25 00 


41 6 


25 20 


42 


21 


25 83 


43 


26 04 


43 4 


26 25 


43 7 


25 46 


44 1 


22 


27 06 


45 1 


27 28 


45 4 


27 50 


45 8 


27 72 


46 2 


23 


28 29 


47 1 


28 52 


47 5 


28 75 


47 9 


28 98 


48 3 


24 


29 52 


49 2 


29 76 


49 6 


30 00 


50 


30 24 


50 4 


25 


30 75 


51 3 


31 00 


51 6 


3125 


52 


31 50 


52 5 


26 


31 98 


53 3 


32 24 


53 7 


32 50 


54 1 


32 76 


54 6 


27 


33 21 


55 3 


33 48 


55 8 


33 75 


56 2 


34 02 


56 7 


28 


34 44 


57 4 


34 72 


57 8 


35 00 


58 3 


35 28 


58 8 


29 


35 67 


59 4 


35 96 


59 9 


36 25 


60 4 


36 54 


60 9 


30 


36 90 


61 5 


37 20 


62 


37 50 


62 5 


37 80 


63 


40 


49 20 


82 


49 60 


82 6 


50 00 


83 3 


50 40 


84 


50 


61 50 


102 5 


62 00 


103 3 


62 50 


104 1 


63 00 


105 


100 


123 00 


205 


|124 00 


206 6 


125 00 


1 208 3 


126 00 


210 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



263 



p o 


AT 12PC8NTS 


AT m CENTS 


AT m CENTS 


AT 130 CENTS 


^2, 
hdbd 


PER BUSHEL, 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 


BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


O p3 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


P^ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 
Cts. Mills. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dulls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 27 


2 1 


1 28 


2 1 


1 29 


2 1 


1 30 


2 1 


2 


2 54 


42 


2 56 


42 


2 58 


4 3 


2 60 


4 3 


3 


3 81 


6 3 


3 84 


64 


3 87 


64 


3 90 


6 5 


4 


5 08 


84 


5 12 


85 


5 16 


8 6 


5 20 


8 6 


5 


6 35 


10 5 


6 40 


10 6 


6 45 


10 7 


6 50 


10 8 


6 


7 62 


12 7 


7 68 


12 8 


7 74 


12 9 


7 80 


13 


7 


8 89 


14 8 


8 96 


14 9 


9 03 


15 


9 10 


15 1 


8 


10 16 


16 9 


10 24 


17 


10 32 


17 2 


10 40 


17 3 


9 


1143 


19 


11 52 


19 2 


11 61 


19 3 


11 70 


19 5 


10 


12 70 


21 1 


12 80 


21 3 


12 90 


21 5 


13 00 


21 6 


11 


13 97 


23 2 


14 08 


23 4 


14 19 


23 6 


14 30 


23 8 


12 


15 24 


25 4 


15 36 


25 6 


15 48 


25 8 


15 60 


26 


13 


16 51 


27 5 


16 64 


27 7 


16 77 


27 9 


16 90 


28 1 


14 


17 78 


29 6 


17 92 


29 8 


18 06 


30 1 


18 20 


30 3 


15 


19 05 


31 7 


19 20 


32 


19 35 


32 2 


19 50 


32 5 


16 


20 32 


33 8 


20 48 


34 1 


20 64 


34 4 


20 80 


34 6 


17 


21 59 


35 9 


21 76 


36 2 


21 93 


36 5 


22 10 


36 8 


18 


22 86 


38 1 


23 04 


38 4 


23 22 


38 7 


23 40 


39 


19 


24 13 


40 2 


24 32 


40 5 


24 51 


40 8 


24 70 


41 1 


20 


25 40 


42 3 


25 60 


42 6 


25 80 


43 


26 00 


43 3 


21 


26 67 


444 


26 88 


448 


27 09 


45 1 


27 30 


45 5 


22 


27 94 


46 5 


28 16 


46 9 


• 28 38 


47 3 


28 60 


47 6 


23 


29 21 


48 6 


29 44 


49 


29 67 


49 4 


29 90 


49 8 


.24 


30 48 


50 8 


30 72 


51 2 


30 96 


51 6 


31 20 


52 


25 


31 75 


'52 9 


32 00 


53 3 


32 25 


53 7 


32 50 


54 1 


26 


33 02 


55 


33 28 


55 4 


33 54 


55 9 


33 80 


56 3 


27 


34 29 


57 1 


34 56 


57 6 


34 83 


58 


35 10 


58 5 


28 


35 56 


. 59 2 


35 84 


59 7 


36 12 


60 2 


36 40 


60 6 


29 


36 83 


613 


37 12 


61 8 


37 41 


62 3 


37 70 


62 8 


30 


38 10 


63 5 


38 40 


64 


38 70 


64 5 


39 00 


65 


40 


50 80 


84 6 


5120 


85 3 


51 60 


86 


52 00 


86 6 


50 


63 50 


105 8 


64 00 


106 6 


64 50 


107 5 


65 00 


108 3 


100 


127 00 


211 6 


128 00 


213 3 


129 00 


215 


130 00 


216 6 



204 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



go o 


AT 131 CEMS 


AT 132 CENTS 


AT 133 CENTS 


AT 134 CENTS 


t-dbd 
p -1 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 

Value per Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Poind. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Ms. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Milk 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 31 


2 1 


1 32 


2 2 


1 33 


2 2 


1 34 


2 2 


2 


2 62 


43 


2 64 


44 


2 66 


44 


2 68 


44 


3 


3 93 


6 5 


3 96 


6 6 


3 99 


6 6 


4 02 


6 7 


4 


5 24 


8 7 


5 28 


88 


5 32 


8 8 


5 36 


8 9 


5 


6 55 


10 9 


6 60 


110 


6 65 


11 


6 70 


11 1 


6 


7 86 


13 1 


7 92 


13 2 


7 98 


13 3 


8 04 


13 4 


7 


9 17 


15 2 


9 24 


15 4 


9 31 


15 5 


9 38 


15 6 


8 


10 48 


17 4 


10 56 


17 6 


10 64 


17 7 


10 72 


17 8 


9 


11 79 


19 6 


11 88 


19 8 


11 97 


19 9 


12 06 


20 1 


10 


13 10 


218 


13 20 


22 


13 30 


22 1 


13 40 


22 3 


11 


14 41 


24 


14 52 


24 2 


14 63 


24 3 


14 74 


24 5 


12 


15 72 


26 2 


15 84 


26 4 


15 96 


26 6 


16 08 


26 8 


13 


17 03 


28 3 


17 16 


28 6 


17 29 


28 8 


17 42 


29 


14 


18 34 


30 5 


18 48 


30 8 


18 62 


31 


18 76 


312 


15 


19 65 


32 7 


19 80 


33 


19 95 


33 2 


20 10 


33 5 


16 


20 96 


34 9 


21 12 


35 2 


21 28 


35 4 


21 44 


35 7 


17 


22 27 


37 1 


22 44 


37 4 


22 61 


'37 6 


22 78 


37 9 


18 


23 58 


39 3 


23 76 


39 6 


23 94 


39 9 


24 12 


40 2 


19 


24 89 


414 


25 08 


41 8 


25 27 


42 1 


25 46 


42 4 


20 


26 20 


43 6 


26 40 


44 


26 60 


44 3 


26 80 


44 6 


21 


27 51 


45 8 


27 72 


46 2 


27 93 


46 5 


28 14 


46 9 


22 


28 82 


48 


29 04 


48 4 


29 26 


48 7 


29 48 


49 1 


23 


30 13 


50 2 


30 36 


50 6 


30 59 


50 9 


30 82 


51 3 


24 


3144 


52 4 


31 68 


52 8 


31 92 


53 2 


32 16 


53 6. 


25 


32 75 


54 5 


33 00 


55 


33 25 


55 4 


33 50 


55 8 


26 


34 06 


56 7 


34 32 


57 2 


34 58 


57 6 


34 84 


58 


27 


35 37 


58 9 


35 64 


59 4 


35 91 


59 8 


36 18 


60 3 


28 


36 68 


61 1 


36 96 


61 6 


37 24 


62 


37 52 


62 5 


29 


37 99 


63 3 


38 28 


63 8 


38 57 


64 2 


38 86 


64 7 


30 


39 30 


65 5 


39 60 


66 


39 90 


66 5 


40 20 


67 


40 


52 40 


87 3 


52 80 


88 


53 20 


68 6 


53 60 


89 3 


50 


65 50 


109 1 


66 00 


110 


66 50 


110 8 


67 00 


111 6 


100 


13100 


218 3 


132 00 


220 


133 00 


2216 


134 00 


223 3 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



265 



go o 

3 " 


AT 135 CE.MS 


AT 136 CEHS 


AT 137 0BHT8 


AT 138 CEMS 




PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 


BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


P'sr 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 35 


2 2 


1 36 


2 2 


1 37 


2 2 


1 38 


2 3 


2 


2 70 


45 


2 72 


45 


2 74 


45 


2 76 


46 


3 


4 05 


6 7 


4 08 


6 8 


4 11 


6 8 


4 14 


6 9 


4 


5 40 


9 


544 


9 


5 48 


91 


5 52 


92 


5 


6 75 


11? 


6 80 


11 3 


6 85 


114 


6 90 


11 5 


6 


8 10 


13 5 


8 16 


13 6 


8 22 


13 7 


8 28 


138 


7 


9 45 


15 7 


9 52 


15 8 


9 59 


15 9 


9 66 


16 1 


8 


10 80 


18 


10 88 


18 1 


10 96 


18 2 


11 04 


18 4 


9 


12 15 


20 2 


12 24 


20 4* 


12 33 


20 5 


12 42 


20 7 


10 


13 50 


22 5 


13 60 


22 6 


13 70 


22 8 


13 80 


23 


11 


14 85 


24 7 


14 96 


24 9 


15 07 


25 1 


15 18 


25 3 


12 


16 20 


27 


16 32 


27 2 


16 44 


27 4 


16 56 


27 6 


13 


17 55 


29 2 


17 68 


29 4 


17 81 


29 6 


17 94 


29 9 


14 


18 90 


31 5 


19 04 


31 7 


19 18 


31 9 


19 32 


32 2 


15 


20 25 


33 7 


20 40 


34 


20 55 


34 2 


20 70 


34 5 


16 


21 60 


36 


21 76 


36 2 


21 92 


36 5 


22 08 


36 8 


17 


22 95 


38 2 


23 12 


38 5 


23 29 


38 8 


23 46 


39 1 


18 


24 30 


40 5 


24 48 


40 8 


24 66 


411 


24 84 


414 


19 


25 65 


42 7 


25 84 


43 


26 03 


43 3 


26 22 


43 7 


20 


27 00 


45 


27 20 


45 3 


27 40 


45 6 


27 60 


46 


21 


28 35 


47 2 


28 56 


47 6 


28' 77 


47 9 


28 98 


48 3 


22 


29 70 


49 5 


29 92 


49 8 


30 14 


50 2 


30 36 


50 6 


23 


31 05 


51 7 


31 28 


52 1 


3151 


52 5 


31 74 


52 9 


24 


32 40 


54 


32 64 


54 4 


32 88 


54 8 


33 12 


55 2 


25 


33 75 


56 2 


34 00 


56 6 


34 25 


57 


34 50 


57 5 


26 


35 10 


58 5 


35 36 


58 9 


35 62 


59 3 


35 88 


59 8 


27 


36 45 


60 7 


36 72 


61 2 


36 99 


61 6 


37 26 


62 1 


28 


37 80 


63 


38 08 


63 4 


38 36 


63 9 


38 64 


64 4 


29 


39 15 


65 2 


39 44 


65 7 


39 73 


66 2 


40 02 


66 7 


30 


40 50 


67 5 


40 80 


68 


41 10 


68 5 


4140 


69 


40 


54 00 


90 


54 40 


90 6 


54 80 


91 3 


55 20 


92 


50 


67 50 


112 5 


68 00 


113 3 


68 50 


114 1 


69 00 


115 


100 


135 00 


225 


136 00 


226 6 


137 00 


228 3 


138 00 


230 



23 



266 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



so o 


AT 139 CEHTS 


AT 110 CENTS 


AT 141 CENTS 


AT 142 CEM'S 




PER 


BUSnEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Hills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 39 


2 3 


1 40 


2 3 


141. 


2 3 


142 


2 3 


2 


2 78 


4 6 


2 80 


46 


2 82 


47 


2 84 


47 


3 


4 17 


6 9 


4 20 


7 


4 23 


7 


4 26 


71 


4 


5 56 


9 2 


5 60 


9 3 


5 64 


94 


5 68 


94 


5 


6 95 


11 5 


7 00 


11 6 


7 05 


u < 


7 10 


118 


6 


8 34 


13 9 


8 40 


14 


8 46 


14 1 


8 52 


14 2 


7 


9 73 


16 2 


9 80 


16 3 


9 87 


16 4 


9 94 


16 5 


8 


11 12 


18 5 


11 20 


18 6 


11 28 


18 8 


11 36 


18 9 


9 


12 51 


20 8 


12 60 


21 


12 69 


21 1 


12 78 


21 3 


10 


13 90 


23 1 


14 00 


23 3 


14 10 


23 5 


14 20 


23 6 


11 


15 29 


25 4 


15 40 


25 6 


15 51 


25 8 


15 62 


26 


12 


16 68 


27 8 


16 80 


28 


16 92 


282 


17 04 


28 4 


13 


18 07 


30 1 


18 20 


30 3 


18 53 


30 8 


18 46 


30 7 


14 


19 46 


32 4 


19 60 


32 6 


19 74 


32 9 


19 88 


33 1 


IS 


20 85 


34 7 


21 00 


35 


21 15 


35 2 


21 30 


35 5 


16 


22 24 


37 


22 40 


37 3 


22 56 


37 6 


22 72 


37 8 


17 


23 63 


39 3 


23 80 


39 6 


23 97 


39 9 


24 14 


40 2 


18 


25 02 


41 7 


25 20 


42 


25 38 


42 3 


25 56 


42 6 


19 


26 41 


44 


26 60 


44 3 


26 79 


44 6 


26 98 


44 9 


20 


27 80 


46 3 


28 00 


46 6 


28 20 


47 


28 40 


47 3 


21 


29 19 


48 6 


29 40 


49 


29 61 


49 3 


29 82 


49 7 


22 


30 58 


50 9 


30 80 


51 3 


31 02 


517 


31 24 


52 


23 


31 97 


53 2 


32 20 


53 6 


32 43 


54 


32 66 


54 4 


24 


33 36 


55 6 


33 60 


56 


33 84 


56 4 


34 08 


56 8 


25 


34 75 


57 9 


35 00 


58 3 


35 25 


58 7 


35 50 


59 1 


26 


36 14 


60 2 


36 40 


60 6 


36 66 


61 1 


36 92 


61 5 


27 


37 53 


62 5 


37 80 


63 


38 07 


63 4 


38 34 


63 9 


28 


38 92 


64 8 


39 20 


65 3 


39 48 


65 8 


39 76 


66 2 


29 


40 31 


67 1 


40 60 


67 6 


40 89 


68 1 


41 18 


68 6 


30 


41 70 


69 5 


42 00 


70 


42 30 


70 5 


42 60 


71 


40 


55 60 


92 6 


56 00 


93 3 


56 40 


94 


56 80 


94 6 


50 


69 50 


115 8 


70 00 


116 6 


70 50 


117 5 


71 00 


118 3 


100 


139 00 


231 6 


140 00 


233 3 


14100 


235 


142 00 


236 6 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



267 



go © 


AT 143 C1IT8 


.AT 114 CENTS 


AT 145 CENTS 


AT 146 CEMS 


^2, 
hjbd 
g g 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 


BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Vahr per 


P'sr 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


143 


2 3 


144 


24 


1 45 


24 


146 


24 


2 


2 86 


4 7 


2 88 


48 


2 90 


48 


2 92 


48 


3 


4 29 


71 


4 32 


72 


4 35 


72 


4 38 


7 3 


4 


5 72 


9 5 


5 76 


96 


5 80 


9 6 


5 84 


97 


5 


7 15 


11 9 


7 20 


12 


7 25 


12 


7 30 


12 1 


6 


8 58 


14 3 


8 64 


14 4 


8 70 


14 5 


8 76 


14 6 


7 


10 01 


16 6 


10 08 


16 8 


10 15 


16 9 


10 22 


17 


8 


1144 


19 


11 52 


19 2 


11 60 


19 3 


11 68 


19 4 


9 


12 87 


21 4 


12 96 


21 6 


13 05 


21 7 


13 14 


21 9 


10 


14 30 


- 23 8 


14 40 


24 


14 50 


24 1 


14 60 


24 3 


11 


15 73 


26 2 


15 84 


26 4 


15 95 


26 5 


16 06 


26 7 


12 


17 16 


28 6 


17 28 


28 8 


17 40 


29 


17 52 


29 2 


13 


18 59 


30 9 


18 72 


31 2 


18 85 


314 


18 98 


31 6 


14 


20 02 


33 3 


20 16 


33 6 


20 30 


33 8 


20 44 


34 


15 


21 45 


35 7 


21 60 


36 


21 75 


36 2 


21 90 


36 5 


16 


22 88 


38 1 


23 04 


38 4 


23 20 


38 6 


23 36 


38 9 


17 


24 31 


40 5 


24 48 


40 8 


24 65 


41 


24 82 


413 


18 


25 74 


42 9 


25 92 


43 2 


26 10 


43 5 


26 28 


43 8 


19 


27 17 


45 2 


27 36 


45 6 


27 55 


45 9 


27 74 


46 2 


20 


28 60 


47 6 


28 80 


48 


29 00 


48 3 


29 20 


48 6 


21 


30 03 


50 


30 24 


50 4 


30 45 


50 7 


30 66 


51 1 


22 


3145 


52 4 


31 68 


52 8 


31 90 


53 1 


32 12 


53 5 


23 


32 89 


54 8 


33 12 


55 2 


33 35 


55 5 


33 58 


55 9 


24 


34 32 


57 2 


34 56 


57 6 


34 80 


58 


35 04 


58 4 


25 


35 75 


59 5 


36 00 


60 


36 25 


60 4 


36 50 


60 8 


26 


37 18 


61 9 


37 44 


62 4 


37 70 


62 8 


37 95 


63 2 


27 


38 61 


64 3 


38 88 


64 8 


39 15 


65 2 


39 42 


65 7 


28 


40 04 


66 7 


40 32 


67 2 


40 60 


67 6 


40 88 


68 1 


29 


4147 


69 1 


41 76 


69 6 


42 05 


70 


42 34 


70 5 


30 


42 90 


71 5 


43 20 


72 


43 50 


72 5 


43 80 


73 


40 


57 20 


95 3 


57 60 


96 


58 00 


96 6 


58 40 


97 3 


50 


71 50 


119 1 


72 00 


120 


72 50 


120 8 


73 00 


121 6 


100 


143 00 


238 3 


144 00 


240 


145 00 


241 6 


146 00 


243 3 



268 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



JO o 


AT 147 CENTS 


AT 148 CENTS 


AT 149 CENTS 


AT 150 CENTS 




PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BISHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


o 

(3 in 

fcr" 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


!° ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


147 


24 


148 


2 4 


149 


24 


1 50 


2 5 


2 


2 91 


49 


2 96 


4 9 


2 98 


49 


3 00 


5 


3 


4 41 


73 


4 44 


74 


4 47 


74 


4 50 


7 5 


4 


5 88 


9 8 


5 92 


98 


5 96 


9 9 


6 00 


10 


5 


7 35 


12 2 


7 40 


12 3 


7 45 


12 4 


7 50 


12 5 


6 


8 82 


14 7 


8 88 


14 8 


8 94 


14 9 


9 00 


15 


7 


10 29 


17 1 


10 36 


17 2 


10 43 


17 3 


10 50 


17 5 


8 


11 76 


19 6 


1184 


19 7 


11 92 


19 8 


12 00 


20 


9 


13 23 


22 


13 32 


22 2 


13 41 


22 3 


13 50 


22 5 


10 


14 70 


24 5 


14 80 


24 6 


14 90 


24 8 


15 00 


25 


11 


16 17 


26 9 


16 28 


27 1 


16 39 


27 3 


16 50 


27 5 


12 


17 64 


29 4 


17 76 


29 6 


17 88 


29 8 


18 00 


30 


13 


19 11 


31 8 


19 24 


32 


19 37 


32 2 


19 50 


32 5 


14 


20 58 


34 3 


20 72 


34 5 


20 86 


34 7 


21 00 


35 


15 


22 05 


36 7 


22 20 


37 


22 35 


37 2 


22 50 


37 5 


16 


23 52 


39 2 


23 68 


39 4 


23 84 


39 7 


24 00 


40 


17 


24 99 


41 6 


25 16 


41 9 


25 33 


42 2 


25 50 


42 5 


J8 


26 46 


44 1 


26 64 


44 4 


26 82 


44 7 


27 00 


45 


19 


27 93 


46 5 


28 12 


. 46 8 


28 31 


47 1 


28 50 


47 5 


20 


29 40 


49 


29 60 


49 3 


29 80 


49 6 


30 00 


50 


21 


30 87 


51 4 


3108 


51 8 


• 31 29 


52 1 


31 50 


52 5 


22 


32 34 


53 9 


32 56 


54 2 


32 78 


54 6 


33 00 


55 


23 


33 81 


56 3 


34 04 


56 7 


34 27 


57 1 


34 50 


57 5 


24 


35 28 


58 8 


35 52 


59 2 


35 76 


59 6 


36 00 


60 


25 


36 75 


61 2 


37 00 


61 6 


37 25 


62 


37 50 


62 5 


26 


38 22 


63 7 


38 48 


64 1 


38 74 


64 5 


39 00 


65 


27 


39 69 


66 1 


39 96 


66 6 


40 23 


67 


40 50 


67 5 


28 


4116 


68 6 


4144 


69 


41 72 


69 5 


42 00 


70 


29 


42 63 


71 


42 92 


71 5 


43 21 


72 


43 50 


72 5 


30 


44 10 


73 5 


44 40 


74 


44 70 


74 5 


45 00 


75 


40 


58 80 


98 


59 20 


98 6 


59 60 


99 3 


60 00 


100 


50 


73 50 


122 5 


74 00 


123 3 


74 50 


124 1 


75 00 


125 


100 


147 00 


245 


148 00 


246 6 


149 00 


218 3 


150 00 


250 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



269 



JO o 


AT 151 CENTS 


AT 152 CENTS 


AT 153 CENTS 


AT 154 CENTS 




PER BUSHEL- 


PER 


BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


O C! 
t=J EX 1 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value per 
Pound 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


151 


2 5 


1 52 


2 5 


1 53 


2 5 


1 54 


2 5 


2 


3 02 


50 


3 04 


5 


3 06 


5 1 


3 08 


5 1 


3 


4 53 


7 5 


4 56 


7 6 


4 59 


7 6 


4 62 


7 7 


4 


6 04 


10 


6 08 


10 1 


6 12 


10 2 


6 16 


10 2 


5 


7 55 


12 5 


7 60 


12 6 


7 65 


12 7 


7 70 


12 8 


6 


9 06 


15 1 


9 12 


15 2 


9 18 


15 3 


9 24 


15 4 


7 


10 57 


17 6 


10 64 


17 7 


10 71 


17 8 


10 78 


17 9 


8 


12 08 


20 1 


12 16 


20 2 


12 24 


20 4 


12 32 


20 5 


9 


13 59 


22 6 


13 68 


22 8 


13 77 


22 9 


13 86 


23 1 


10 


15 10 


25 1 


15 20 


25 3 


15 30 


25 5 


15 40 


25 6 


11 


16 61 


27 6 


16 72 


27 8 


16 83 


28 


16 94 


28 2 


12 


' 18 12 


30 2 


18 24 


30 4 


18 36 


30 6 


18 48 


30 8 


13 


19 63 


32 7 


19 76 


32 9 


19 89 


33 1 


20 02 


33 3 


14 


21 14 


35 2 


2128 


35 4 


2142 


35 7 


21 56 


35 9 


15 


22 65 


37 7 


22 80 


38 


22 95 


38 2 


23 10 


38 5 


16 


24 16 


40 2 


24 32 


40 5 


24 48 


40 8 


24 64 


410 


17 


25 67 


42 7 


25 84 


43 


26 01 


43 3 


26 18 


43 6 


18 


27 18 


45 3 


27 36 


45 6 


27 54 


45 9 


27 72 


46 2 


19 


28 69 


47 8 


28 88 


48 1 


29 07 


♦48 4 


29 26 


48 7 


20 


30 20 


50 3 


30 40 


50 6 


30 60 


51 


30 80 


513 


21 


31 71 


52 8 


31 92 


53 2 


32 13 


53 5 


32 34 


539 


22 


33 22 


55 3 


33 44 


55 7 


33 66 


56 1 


33 88 


56 4 


23 


34 73 


57 8 


34 96 


58 2 


35 19 


58 6 


35 42 


59 


24 


36 24 


60 4 


36 48 


60 8 


36 72 


612 


36 96 


61 6 


25 


37 75 


62 9 


38 00 


63 3 


38 25 


63 7 


38 50 


64 1 


26 


39 26 


65 4 


39 52 


65 8 


39 78 


66 3 


40 04 


66 7 


27 


40 77 


67 9 


41 04 


68 4 


41 31 


68 8 


41 58 


69 3 


28 


42 28 


70 4 


42 56 


70 9 


42 84 


714 


43 12 


718 


29 


43 79 


72 9 


44 08 


73 4 


44 37 


73 9 


44 66 


74 4 


30 


45 30 


75 5 


45 60 


76 


45 90 


76 5 


46 20 


77 


40 


60 40 


100 6 


60 80 


1013 


6120 


102 


61 60 


102 6 


50 


75 50 


125 8 


76 00 


126 6 


76 50 


127 5 


77 00 


128 3 


100 


151 00 


251 6 


152 00 


253 3 


153 00 


255 


154 00 


256 6 



23* 



270 



THE MILLKR, MILLWRIGHT 



g 9 

hdb3 

O pi 


AT 155 CENTS 


AT 156 CENTS 


AT 157 CENTS 


AT 158 CENTS 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 

Value per Value per 


Value per (Value per 


5° ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dells. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 55 


2 5 


1 56 


2 6 


1 57 


26 


1 58 


2 6 


2 


3 10 


5 1 


3 12 


5 2 


3 14 


52 


3 16 


52 


3 


4 65 


7 7 


4 68 


7 8 


4 71 


78 


4 74 


7 9 


4 


6 20 


10 3 


6 24 


10 4 


6 28 


10 4 


6 32 


10 5 


5 


7 75 


12 9 


7 80 


13 


7 85 


13 


7 90 


13 1 


6 


9 30 


15 5 


9 36 


15 6 


9 42 


15 7 


9 48 


15 8 


7 


10 85 


18 


10 92 


18 2 


10 99 


18 3 


1106 


18 4 


8 


12 40 


20 6 


12 48 


20 8 


12 56 


20 9 


12 64 


210 


9 


13 95 


23 2 


14 04 


23 4 


14 13 


23 5 


14 22 


23 7 


10 


15 50 


25 8 


15 60 


26 


15 70 


26 1 


15 80 


26 3 


11 


17 05 


28 4 


17 16 


28 6 


17 27 


28 7 


17 38 


28 9 


12 


18 60 


31 


18 72 


312 


18 84 


314 


18 96 


31 6 


13 


20 15 


33 5 


20 28 


33 8 


20 41 


34 


20 54 


34 2 


14 


21 70 


36 1 


2184 


36 4 


21 98 


36 6 


22 12 


36 8 


15 


23 25 


38 7 


23 40 


39 


23 55 


39 2 


23 70 


39 5 


16 


24 80 


41 3 


24 96 


41 6 


25 12 


418 


25 28 


42 1 


17 


26 35 


43 9 


26 52 


44 2 


26 69 


444 


26 86 


447 


18 


27 90 


46 5 


28 08 


46 8 


28 26 


47 1 


28 44 


47 4 


19 


29 45 


49 


29 64 


49 4 


29 83 


49 7 


30 02 


50 


20 


3100 


51 6 


31 20 


52 


3140 


52 3 


3160 


52 6 


21 


32 55 


54 2 


32 76 


54 6 


32 97 


54 9 


33 18 


55 3 


22 


34 10 


56 8 


34 32 


57 2 


34 54 


57 5 


34 76 


57 9 


23 


35 65 


59 4 


35 88 


59 8 


36 11 


60 1 


36 34 


60 5 


24 


37 20 


62 


37 44 


62 4 


37 68 


62 8 


37 92 


63 2 


25 


38 75 


64 5 


39 00 


65 


39 25 


65 4 


39 50 


65 8 


26 


40 30 


67 1 


40 56 


67 6 


40 82 


68 


41 08 


68 4 


27 


41 85 


69 7 


42 12 


70 2 


42 39 


70 6 


42 66 


71 1 


28 


43 40 


72 3 


43 68 


72 8 


43 96 


73 2 


44 24 


73 7 


29 


44 95 


74 9 


45 24 


75 4 


45 53 


75 8 


45 82 


76 3 


30 


46 50 


77 5 


46 80 


78 


47 10 


78 5 


47 40 


79 


40 


62 00 


103 3 


62 40 


104 


62 80 


104 6 


63 20 


105 3 


50 


77 50 


129 1 


78 00 


130 


78 50 


130 8 


79 00 


131 6 


100 


155 00 


258 3 


156 00 


1 260 


157 00 


261 6 


158 00 


263 3 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



271 



m 

JO O 


AT 159 CEMS 


AT 160 CEMS 


AT 161 CENTS 


AT 162 CEMS 


S4 

P" 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 
Pouna. 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


O-iCD 
«2 m' 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


DoUs. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 59 


2 6 


1 60 


2 6 


1 61 


2 6 


1 62 


27 


2 


3 18 


5 3 


3 20 


5 3 


3 22 


53 


3 24 


5 4 


3 


4 77 


7 9 


4 80 


80 


4 83 


80 


4 86 


81 


4 


6 36 


10 6 


6 40 


10 6 


644 


10 7 


6 48 


10 8 


5 


7 95 


13 2 


8 00 


13 3 


8 05 


13 4 


8 10 


13 5 


6 


9 54 


15 9 


9 60 


16 


9 66 


16 1 


9 72 


16 2 


7 


1118 


18 5 


11 20 


18 6 


1127 


18 7 


11 34 


18 9 


8 


12 72 


212 


12 80 


21 3 


12 88 


214 


12 96 


21 6 


9 


14 31 


23 8 


14 40 


24 


14 49 


24 1 


14 58 


24 3 


10 


15 90 


26 5 


16 00 


26 6 


16 10 


26 8 


16 20 


27 


11 


17 49 


29 1 


17 60 


29 3 


17 71 


29 5 


17 82 


29 7 


12 


19 08 


318 


19 20 


32 


19 32 


32 2 


19 44 


32 4 


13 


20 67 


34 4 


20 80 


34 6 


20 93 


34 8 


2106 


35 1 


14 


22 26 


37 1 


22 40 


37 3 


22 54 


37 5 


22 68 


37 8 


15 


23 85 


39 7 


24 00 


40 


24 15 


40 2 


24 30 


40 5 


16 


25 44 


42 4 


25 60 


42 6 


25 76 


42 9 


25 92 


43 2 


17 


27 03 


45 


27 20 


45 3 


27 37 


45 6 


27 54 


45 9 


18 


28 62 


47 7 


28 80 


48 


28 98 


48 3 


29 16 


48 6 


19 


30 21 


50 3 


30 40 


50 6 


30 59 


50 9 


30 78 


513 


20 


3180 


53 


32 00 


53 3 


32 20 


53 6 


32 40 


54 


21 


33 39 


55 6 


33 60 


56 


33 81 


56 3 


34 02 


56 7 


22 


34 98 


58 3 


35 20 


58 6 


35 42 


59 


35 64 


59 4 


23 


36 57 


60 9 


36 80 


61 3 


37 03 


617 


37 26 


62 1 


24 


38 16 


63 6 


38 40 


64 


38 34 


64 4 


38 88 


64 8 


25 


39 75 


66 2 


40 00 


66 6 


40 25 


67 


40 50 


67 5 


26 


41 34 


68 9 


41 60 


69 3 


41 86 


69 7 


42 12 


70 2 


27 


42 93 


715 


43 20 


72 


43 47 


72 4 


43 74 


72 9 


28 


44 52 


74 2 


44 80 


74 6 


45 08 


75 1 


45 36 


75 6 


29 


46 11 


76 8 


46 40 


77 3 


46 69 


77 8 


46 98 


78 3 


30 


47 70 


79 5 


48 00 


80 


48 30 


80 5 


48 60 


81 


40 


63 60 


106 


64 00 


106 6 


64 40 


107 3 


64 80 


108 


50 


79 50 


132 5 


80 00 


133 3 


80 50 


134 1 


8100 


135 


LOO 


159 00 


265 


160 00 


266 6 


161 00 


268 3 


162 00 


270 



272 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



p o 


AT 163 CENTS 


AT 164 OESfS 


AT 165 CENTS 


AT 166 CENTS 


Hdbd 

O 

p 5^ 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


02 60 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 63 


2 7 


1 64 


2 7 


1 65 


2 7 


1 66 


2 7 


2 


3 26 


54 


3 28 


5 4 


3 30 


55 


3 32 


55 


3 


4 89 


81 


4 92 


8 2 


4 95 


82 


4 98 


83 


4 


6 52 


10 8 


6 56 


10 9 


6 60 


11 


6 64 


110 


5 


8 15 


13 5 


8 20 


13 6 


8 25 


13 7 


8 30 


13 8 


6 


9 78 


16 3 


9 84 


16 4 


9 90 


16 5 


9 96 


16 6 


7 


1141 


19 


1148 


19 1 


11 55 


19 2 


11 62 


19 3 


8 


13 04 


21 7 


13 12 


21 8 


13 20 


22 


13 28 


22 1 


9 


14 67 


24 4 


14 76 


24 6 


14 85 


24 7 


14 94 


24 9 


10 


16 30 


27 1 


16 40 


27 3 


16 50 


27 5 


16 60 


27 6 


11 


17 93 


29 8 


18 04 


30 


18 15 


30 2 


18 26 


30 4 


12 


19 56 


32 6 


19 68 


32 8 


19 80 


33 


19 92 


33 2 


13 


2119 


35 3 


21 32 


35 5 


2145 


35 7 


21 58 


35 9 


14 


22 82 


38 


22 96 


38 2 


23 10 


38 5 


23 24 


38 7 


15 


24 45 


40 7 


24 60 


41 


24 75 


412 


24 90 


415 


16 


26 08 


43 4 


26 24 


43 7 


26 40 


44 


26 56 


44 2 


17 


27 71 


46 1 


27 88 


46 4 


28 05 


46 7 


28 22 


47 


18 


29 34 


48 9 


29 52 


49 2 


29 70 


49 5 


29 88 


49 8 


19 


30 97 


51 6 


31 16 


51 9 


31 35 


52 2 


31 54 


52 5 


20 


32 60 


54 3 


32 80 


54 6 


33 00 


55 


33 20 


55 3 


21 


34 23 


57 


34 44 


57 4 


34 65 


57 7 


34 86 


58 1 


22 


35 86 


59 7 


36 08 


60 1 


36 30 


60 5 


36 52 


60 8 


23 


37 49 


62 4 


37 72 


62 8 


37 95 


63 2 


38 18 


63 6 


24 


39 12 


6o 2 


39 36 


65 6 


39 60 


66 


39 84 


66 4 


25 


40 75 


67 9 


4100 


68 3 


41 25 


68 7 


41 50 


69 1 


26 


42 38 


70 6 


42 64 


710 


42 90 


71 5 


43 16 


719 


27 


44 01 


73 3 


44 28 


73 8 


44 55 


74 2 


44 82 


74 7 


28 


45 64 


76 


45 92 


76 5 


46 20 


77 '0 


46 48 


77 4 


29 


47 27 


78 7 


47 56 


79 2 


47 85 


79 7 


48 14 


80 2 


30 


48 90 


81 5 


49 20 


82 


49 50 


82 5 


49 80 


83 


40 


65 20 


108 6 


65 60 


109 3 


66 00 


110 


66 40 


110 6 


50 


81 50 


135 8 


82 00 


136 6 


82 50 


137 5 


83 00 


138 3 


100 


163 00 


271 6 


164 00 


273 3 


165 00 


275 


166 00 


276 6 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



273 



iz5 
p o 


AT 167 OEMS 


AT 168 CENTS 


AT 169 CENTS 


AT 170 CENTS 




PER BUSHEL. 


PER 


BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


O 
d BO 


Value per 


Value per Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Pound. 1 Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 67 


2 7 


1 68 


2 8 


1 69 


2 8 


1 70 


2 8 


2 


3 34 


5 5 


3 36 


5 6 


3 38 


5 6 


3 40 


5 6 


3 


5 01 


8 3 


5 04 


84 


5 07 


84 


5 10 


8 5 


4 


6 68 


11 1 


6 72 


112 


6 76 


11 2 


6 80 


11 3 


5 


8 35 


13 9 


8 40 


14 


8 45 


14 


8 50 


14 1 


6 


10 02 


16 7 


10 08 


16 8 


10 14 


16 9 


10 20 


17 


7 


11 69 


19 4 


11 76 


19 6 


1183 


19 7 


11 90 


19 8 


8 


13 36 


22 2 


13 44 


22 4 


13 52 


22 5 


13 60 


22 6 


9 


15 03 


25 


15 12 


25 2 


15 21 


25 3 


15 30 


25 5 


10 


16 70 


27 8 


16 80 


28 


16 90 


28 1 


17 00 


28 3 


11 


18 37 


30 6 


18 48 


30 8 


18 59 


30 9 


18 70 


31 1 


12 


20 04 


33 4 


20 16 


33 6 


20 28 


33 8 


20 40 


34 


13 


21 71 


36 1 


21 84 


36 4 


21 97 


36 6 


22 10 


36 8 


14 


23 38 


38 9 


23 52 


39 2 


23 66 


39 4 


23 80 


39 6 


15 


25 05 


41 7 


25 20 


42 


25 35 


42 2 


25 50 


42 5 


16 


26 72 


445 


26 88 


448 


27 04 


45 


27 20 


45 3 


17 


28 39 


47 3 


28 56 


47 6 


28 73 


47 8 


28 90 


48 1 


18 


30 06 


50 1 


30 24 


50 4 


30 42 


50 7 


30 60 


510 


19 


31 73 


52 8 


31 92 


53 2 


32 11 


53 5 


32 30 


53 8 


20 


33 40 


55 6 


33 60 


56 


33 80 


56 3 


34 00 


66 6 


21 


35 07 


58 4 


35 28 


58 8 


35 49 


59 1 


35 70 


59 5 


22 


36 74 


61 2 


36 96 


61 6 


37 18 


61 9 


37 40 


62 3 


23 


38 41 


64 


38 64 


64 4 


38 87 


64 7 


39 10 


65 1 


24 


40 08 


66 8 


40 32 


67 2 


40 56 


67 6 


40 80 


68 


25 


41 75 


69 5 


42 00 


70 


42 25 


70 4 


42 50 


70 8 


26 


43 42 


72 3 


43 68 


72 8 


43 94 


73 2 


44 20 


73 6 


27 


45 09 


75 1 


45 36 


75 6 


45 63 


76 


45 90 


76 5 


28 


46 76 


77 9 


47 04 


78 4 


47 32 


78 8 


47 60 


79 3 


29 


48 43 


80 7 


48 72 


81 2 


49 01 


81 6 


49 30 


82 1 


30 


50 10 


83 5 


50 40 


84 


50 70 


84 5 


51 00 


85 


40 


66 80 


111 3 


67 20 


112 


67 60 


112 6 


68 00 


113 3 


50 


83 50 


139 1 


84 00 


140 


84 50 


140 8 


85 00 


141 6 


100 


167 00 


278 3 


168 00 


280 


169 00 


281 6 


170 00 


283 3 



274 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



JO o 


AT 171 CE\TS 


AT 172 CENTS 


AT 173 CENTS 


AT 174 CENTS 


Ik 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL. 

Value per Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Pouud. 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


171 


2 8 


1 72 


28 


1 73 


2 8 


1 74 


2 9 


2 


3 42 


57 


3 44 


5 7 


3 46 


57 


3 48 


5 8 


3 


5 13 


85 


5 16 


8 6 


5 19 


8 6 


5 22 


87 


4 


6 84 


114 


6 88 


114 


6 92 


11 5 


6 96 


11 7 


5 


8 55 


14 2 


8 60 


14 3 


8 65 


14 4 


8 70 


14 5 


6 


10 26 


17 1 


10 32 


17 2 


10 38 


17 3 


10 44 


17 4 


7 


11 97 


19 9 


12 04 


20 


12 11 


20 1 


12 18 


20 3 


8 


13 68 


22 8 


13 76 


22 9 


13 84 


23 


13 92 


23 2 


9 


15 39 


25 6 


15 48 


25 8 


15 57 


25 9 


15 66 


26 1 


10 


17 10 


28 5 


17 20 


28 6 


17 30 


28 8 


17 40 


29 


11 


18 81 


313 


18 92 


31 5 


19 03 


31 7 


19 14 


31 9 


12 


20 52 


34 2 


20 64 


34 4 


20 76 


34 6 


20 88 


34 8 


13 


22 23 


37 


22 36 


37 2 


22 49 


37 4 


22 62 


37 7 


14 


23 94 


39 9 


24 08 


40 1 


24 22 


40 3 


24 36 


40 6 


15 


25 65 


42 7 


25 80 


43 


25 95 


43 2 


26 10 


43 5 


16 


27 36 


45 6 


27 52 


45 8 


27 68 


46 1 


27 84 


46 4 


17 


29 07 


48 4 


29 24 


48 7 


29 41 


49 


29 58 


49 3 


18 


30 78 


51 3 


30 96 


51 6 


31 14 


51 9 


31 32 


52 2 


19 


32 49 


54 1 


32 68 


54 4 


32 87 


54 7 


33 06 


55 1 


20 


34 20 


57 


34 40 


57 3 


34 60 


57 6 


34 80 


58 


21 


35 91 


59 8 


36 12 


60 2 


36 33 


60 5 


36 54 


60 9 


22 


37 62 


62 7 


37 84 


63 


38 06 


63 4 


38 28 


63 8 


23 


39 33 


65 5 


39 56 


65 9 


39 79 


66 3 


40 02 


66 7 


24 


41 04 


68 4 


4128 


68 8 


41 52 


69 2 


41 76 


69 6 


25 


42 75 


71 2 


43 00 


71 6 


43 25 


72 


43 50 


72 5 


26 


44 46 


74 1 


44 72 


74 5 


44 98 


74 9 


45 24 


75 4 


27 


46 17 


76 9 


46 44 


77 4 


46 71 


77 8 


46 98 


78 3 


28 


47 88 


79 8 


48 16 


80 2 


48 44 


80 7 


48 72 


81 2 


29 


49 59 


82 6 


49 88 


83 1 


50 17 


83 6 


50 46 


84 1 


30 


51 30 


85 5 


51 60 


86 


51 90 


86 5 


52 20 


87 


40 


68 40 


114 


68 80 


114 6 


69 20 


115 3 


69 60 


116 


50 


85 50 


142 5 


86 00 


143 3 


86 50 


144 1 


87 00 


145 


100 


17100 


285 


172 00 


286 6 


173 00 


288 3 


174 00 


290 



AXD ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



275 



fcej 

go o 


AT 175 C8HT8 


AT 170 CENTS 


AT 177 CENTS 


AT 178 (EMS 


00 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER Bl'SHLL 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BOSflBL. 


Value per 


Value pei 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 

Cts. Mills. 


OS J^- 1 


Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


C^. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cis. litis. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


1 


1 75 


2 9 


1 76 


2 9 


1 77 


2 9 


1 78 


2 9 


2 


3 50 


5 8 


3 52 


58 


3 54 


59 


3 56 


5 9 


3 


5 25 


8 7 


5 28 


8 8 


5 31 


88 


5 34 


8 9 


4 


7 00 


11 6 


7 04 


117 


7 08 


118 


7 12 


118 


5 


8 75 


14 5 


8 80 


14 6 


8 85 


14 7 


8 90 


14 8 


6 


10 50 


17 5 


10 56 


17 6 


10 62 


17 7 


10 68 


17 8 


7 


12 25 


20 4 


12 32 


20 5 


12 39 


20 6 


12 46 


20 7 


8 


14 00 


23 3 


14 08 


23 4 


14 16 


23 6 


14 24 


23 7 


9 


15 75 


26 2 


15 84 


26 4 


15 93 


26 5 


16 02 


26 7 


10 


17 50 


29 1 


17 60 


29 3 


17 70 


29 5 


17 80 


29 6 


11 


19 25 


32 


19 36 


32 2 


19 47 


32 4 


19 58 


32 6 


12 


21 00 


35 


21 12 


35 2 


21 24 


35 4 


21 36 


35 6 


13 


22 75 


37 9 


22 88 


38 1 


23 01 


38 3 


23 14 


38 5 


14 


24 50 


40 8 


24 64 


41 


24 78 


41 3 


24 92 


41 5 


15 


26 25 


43 7 


26 40 


44 


26 55 


442 


26 70 


44 5 


16 


28 00 


46 6 


28 16 


46 9 


28 32 


47 2 


28 48 


47 4 


17 


29 75 


49 5 


29 92 


49 8 


30 09 


50 1 


30 26 


50 4 


18 


31 50 


52 5 


31 68 


52 8 


31 86 


53 1 


32 04 


53 4 


19 


33 25 


55 4 


33 44 


55 7 


33 63 


56 


33 82 


56 3 


20 


35 00 


58 3 


35 20 


58 6 


35 40 


59 


35 60 


59 3 


21 


36 75 


61 2 


36 96 


61 5 


37 17 


61 9 


37 38 


62 3 


22 


38 50 


64 1 


38 72 


64 5 


38 94 


64 9 


39 16 


65 2 


23 


40 25 


67 


40 48 


67 4 


40 71 


67 8 


40 94 


68 2 


24 


42 00 


70 


42 24 


70 4 


42 48 


70 8 


42 72 


71 2 


25 


43 75 


72 9 


44 00 


73 3 


44 25 


73 7 


44 50 


74 1 


26 


45 50 


75 8 


45 76 


76 2 


46 02 


76 7 


46 28 


77 1 


27 


47 25 


78 7 


47 52 


79 2 


47 79 


79 6 


48 06 


80 1 


28 


49 00 


81 6 


49 28 


82 1 


49 56 


82 6 


49 84 


83 


29 


50 75 


84 5 


5104 


85 


51 33 


85 5 


51 62 


86 


30 


52 50 


87 5 


52 80 


88 


53 10 


88 5 


53 40 


89 


40 


70 00 


116 6 


70 40 


117 3 


70 80 


118 


7120 


118 6 


50 


87 50 


145 8 


88 00| 


146 6 


88 50 


147 5 


89 00 


148 3 


100 


175 00 


291 6 


176 00 ; 


293 3 


177 00 


295 


178 00 


296 6 



276 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



JO o 


AT 179 CllffS 


AT 180 CENTS 


AT 181 CENTS 


AT 182 CENTS 


•T)t3d 
o es 

13 pf 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 




Bushel. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


179 


2 9 


1 80 


3 


1 81 


30 


1 82 


30 


2 


3 58 


59 


3 60 


60 


3 62 


6 


3 64 


60 


3 


5 37 


8 9 


5 40 


9 


5 43 


90 


5 46 


9 1 


4 


7 16 


11 9 


7 20 


12 


7 24 


12 


7 28 


12 1 


5 


8 95 


14 9 


9 00 


15 


9 05 


15 


9 10 


15 1 


6 


10 74 


17 9 


10 80 


18 


10 86 


18 1 


10 92 


18 2 


7 


12 53 


20 8 


12 60 


210 


12 67 


21 1 


12 74 


21 2 


8 


14 32 


23 8 


14 40 


24 


14 48 


24 1 


14 56 


24 2 


9 


16 11 


26 8 


16 20 


27 


16 29 


27 1 


16 38 


27 3 


10 


17 90 


29 8 


18 00 


30 


18 10 


30 1 


18 20 


30 3 


1L 


19 69 


32 8 


19 80 


33 


19 91 


33 1 


20 02 


33 3 


12 


2148 


35 8 


21 60 


36 


21 72 


36 2 


21 84 


36 4 


13 


23 27 


38 7 


23 40 


39 


23 53 


39 2 


23 66 


39 4 


14 


25 06 


41 7 


25 20 


42 


25 34 


42 2 


25 48 


42 4 


15 


26 85 


44 7 


27 00 


45 


27 15 


45 2 


27 30 


45 5 


16 


28 64 


47 7 


28 80 


48 


28 96 


48 2 


29 12 


48 5 


17 


30 43 


50 7 


30 60 


51 


30 77 


51 2 


30 94 


51 5 


18 


32 22 


53 7 


32 40 


54 


32 58 


54 3 


32 76 


54 6 


19 


34 01 


56 6 


34 20 


57 


34 39 


57 3 


34 58 


57 6 


20 


35 80 


59 6 


36 00 


60 


36 20 


60 3 


36 40 


60 6 


21 


37 59 


62 6 


37 80 


63 


38 01 


63 3 


38 22 


63 7 


22 


39 38 


65 6 


39 60 


66 


39 82 


66 3 


40 04 


66 7 


23 


41 17 


68 6 


4140 


69 


41 63 


69 3 


41 86 


69 7 


24 


42 96 


71 6 


43 20 


72 


43 44 


72 4 


43 68 


72 8 


25 


44 75 


74 5 


45 00 


75 


45 25 


75 4 


45 50 


75 8 


26 


46 54 


77 5 


46 80 


78 


47 06 


78 4 


47 32 


78 8 


27 


48 33 


80 5 


48 60 


81 


48 87 


•81 4 


'49 14 


81 9 


28 


50 12 


83 5 


50 40 


84 


50 68 


84 4 


50 96 


84 9 


29 


51 91 


86 5 


52 20 


87 


52 49 


87 4 


52 78 


. 87 9 


30 


53 70 


89 5 


54 00 


90 


54 30 


90 5 


54 60 


91 


40 


71 60 


119 3 


72 00 


120 


72 40 


120 6 


72 80 


121 3 


50 


89 50 


149 1 


90 00 


150 


90 50 


150 8 


91 00 


151 6 


100 


179 00 


298 3 


180 00 


300 


181 00 


301 6 


182 00 


303 3 



AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 



277 



4 

SO o 


AT 183 CENTS 


AT 184 CEMS 


AT 185 CEMS 


AT 186 CENTS 


O 
CO 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER 


Bl'SHEL 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 




Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 83 


30 


184 


30 


1 85 


30 


1 86 


31 


2 


3 66 


6 1 


3 68 


6 1 


3 70 


6 1 


3 72 


62 


3 


5 49 


9 1 


5 52 


92 


5 55 


92 


5 58 


93 


4 


7 32 


12 2 


7 36 


12 2 


7 40 


12 3 


744 


12 4 


5 


9 15 


15 2 


9 20 


15 3 


9 25 


15 4 


9 30 


15 5 


6 


10 98 


18 3 


11 04 


18 4 


11 10 


18 5 


11 16 


18 6 


7 


12 81 


213 


12 88 


214 


12 95 


21 5 


13 02 


21 7 


8 


14 64 


24 4 


14 72 


24 5 


14 80 


24 6 


14 88 


24 8 


9 


16 47 


27 4 


16 56 


27 6 


16 65 


27 7 


16 74 


27 9 


10 


18 30 


30 5 


18 40 


30 6 


18 50 


30 8 


18 60 


31 


11 


20 13 


33 5 


20 24 


33 7 


20 35 


33 9 


20 46 


34 1 


12 


21 96 


36 6 


22 08 


36 8 


22 20 


37 


22 32 


37 2 


13 


23 79 


39 6 


23 92 


39 8 


24 05 


40 


24 18 


40 3 


14 


25 62 


42 7 


25 76 


42 9 


25 90 


43 1 


26 04 


43 4 


15 


27 45 


45 7 


27 60 


46 


27 75 


46 2 


27 90 


46 5 


16 


29 28 


48 8 


29 44 


49 


29 60 


49 3 


29 76 


49 6 


17 


31 11 


518 


3128 


52 1 


3145 


52 4 


31 62 


52 7 


. 18 


32 94 


54 9 


33 12 


55 2 


33 30 


55 5 


33 48 


55 8 


19 


34 77 


57 9 


34 96 


58 2 


35 15 


58 5 


35 34 


58 9 


20 


36 60 


610 


36 80 


61 3 


37 00 


61 6 


37 20 


62 


21 


38 43 


64 


38 64 


64 4 


38 85 


64 7 


39 06 


65 1 


22 


40 26 


67 1 


40 48 


67 4 


40 70 


67 8 


40 92 


68 2 


23 


42 09 


70 1 


42 32 


70 5 


42 55 


70 9 


42 78 


71 3 


24 


43 92 


73 2 


44 16 


73 6 


44 40 


74 


44 64 


74 4 


25 


45 75 


76 2 


46 00 


76 6 


46 25 


77 


46 50 


77 5 


26 


47 58 


79 3 


47 84 


79 7 


48 10 


80 1 


48 36 


80 6 


27 


49 41 


82 3 


49 68 


82 8 


49 95 


83 2 


50 22 


83 7 


28 


5124 


85 4 


5152 


85 8 


51 80 


86 3 


52 08 


86 8 


29 


53 07 


88 4* 


53 36 


88 9 


53 65 


89 4 


53 94 


89 9 


30 


54 90 


91 5 


55 20 


92 


55 50 


92 5 


55 88 


93 1 


40 


73 20 


122 


73 60 


122 6 


74 00 


123 3 


74 40 


124 


50 


9150J 


152 5 


92 00; 


153 3 


92 50 


154 1 


93 00! 


155 


100 


183 00 


305 


184 00J 


306 6 


185 00 


308 3 


186 00 


310 



24 



278 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 





AT 187 CEXTS 


AT 188 CENTS 


AT 189 CENTS 


AT 190 CENTS 


Hdbo ! 

© 1=1 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL. 


PER 


BUSHEL. 
Value per 


PER BUSHEL 
Value per Value per. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per Value perj 


Value per 


Value per 


P_.CD 

E» ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. I 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Ms. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


187 


31 


1 88 


31 


1 89 


31 


1 90 


3 1 


2 


3 74 


62 


3 76 


62 


3 78 


6 3 


3 80 


6 3 


3 


5 61 


93 


5 64 


94 


5 67 


94 


5 70 


95 


4 


7 48 


12 4 


7 52 


12 5 


7 56 


12 6 


7 60 


12 6 


5 


9 35 


15 5 


9 40 


15 6 


9 45 


15 7 


9 50 


15 8 


6 


1122 


18 7 


1128 


18 8 


11 34 


18 9 


1140 


19 


7 


13 09 


21 8 


13 16 


21 9 


13 23 


22 


13 30 


22 1 


8 


14 96 


24 9 


15 04 


25 


15 12 


25 2 


15 20 


25 3 


9 


16 83 


28 


16 92 


28 2 


17 01 


28 3 


17 10 


28 5 


10 


18 70 


31 1 


18 80 


313 


18 90 


315 


19 00 


31 6 


11 


20 57 


34 2 


20 68 


34 4 


20 79 


34 6 


20 90 


34 8 


12 


22 44 


37 4 


22 56 


37 6 


22 68 


37 8 


22 80 


38 


13 


24 31 


40 5 


24 44 


40 7 


24 57 


40 9 


24 70 


41 1 


14 


26 18 


43 6 


26 32 


43 8 


26 46 


441 


26 60 


443 


15 


28 05 


46 7 


28 20 


47 


28 35 


47 2 


28 50 


47 5 


16 


29 92 


49 8 


30 08 


50 1 


30 24 


50 4 


30 40 


50 6 


17 


31 79 


52 9 


31 96 


53 2 


32 13 


53 5 


32 30 


53 8- 


18 


33 66 


56 1 


33 84 


56 4 


34 02 


56 7 


34 20 


57 


19 


35 53 


59 2 


35 72 


59 5 


35 91 


59 8 


36 10 


60 1 


20 


37 40 


62 3 


37 60 


62 6 


37 80 


63 


38 00 


63 3 


21 


39 27 


65 4 


39 48 


65 8 


39 69 


66 1 


39 90 


6Q 5 


22 


4114 


68 5 


41 36 


68 9 


41 58 


69 3 


41 80 


69 6 


23 


43 01 


71 6 


43 24 


72 


43 47 


72 4 


43 70 


72 8 


24 


44 88 


74 8 


45 12 


75 2 


45 36 


75 6 


45 60 


76 


25 


46 75 


77 9 


47 00 


78 3 


47 25 


78 7 


47 50 


79 1 


26 


48 62 


810 


48 88 


814 


49 14 


81 9 


49 40 


82 3 


27 


50 49 


84 1 


50 76 


84 6 


51 03 


85 


51 30 


85 5 


28 


52 36 


87 2 


52 64 


87 7 


52 92 


88 2 


53 20 


88 6 


29 


54 23 


90 3 


54 52 


90 8 


54 81 


91 3 


55 10 


918 


30 


56 10 


93 5 


56 40 


94 


56 70 


94 5 


57 00 


95 


40 


74 80 


124 6 


75 20 


125 3 


75 60 


126 


76 00 


126 6 


50 


93 50 


155 8 


94 00 


156 6 


94 50 


157 5 


95 00 


158 3 


100 


187 00 


311 6 


188 00 


313 3 


189 00 


315 


190 00 


316 6 



AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 



279 



m 


AT 191 


GUN 


AT 192 ( 


UTS 


AT 193 (UTS 


AT 194 CENTS 


O 


PER 

Value per 


BUSHEL 

Value per 


PER BUSHEL 


PER 


BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


5° ST 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 91 


31 


1 92 


32 


1 93 


32 


1 94 


32 


2 


3 82 


6 3 


3 84 


64 


3 86 


64 


3 88 


64 


3 


5 73 


95 


5 76 


9 6 


5 79 


9 6 


5 82 


97 


4 


7 64 


12 7 


7 68 


12 8 


7 72 


12 8 


7 76 


12 9 


5 


9 55 


15 9 


9 60 


16 


9 65 


16 


9 70 


16 1 


6 


1146 


19 1 


11 52 


19 2 


1158 


19 3 


11 64 


19 4 


7 


13 37 


22 2 


13 44 


22 4 


13 51 


22 5 


13 58 


22 6 


8 


15 28 


25 4 


15 36 


25 6 


15 44 


25 7 


15 52 


25 8 


9 


17 19 


28 6 


17 28 


28 8 


17 37 


28 9 


17 46 


29 1 


10 


19 10 


318 


19 20 


32 


19 30 


32 1 


19 40 


32 3 


11 


21 01 


35 


21 12 


35 2 


21 23 


35 3 


21 34 


35 5 


12 


22 92 


38 2 


23 04 


38 4 


23 16 


38 6 


23 28 


38 8 


13 


24 83 


413 


24 96 


41 6 


25 09 


41 8 


25 22 


42 


14 


26 74 


445 


26 88 


44 8 


27 02 


45 


27 16 


45 2 


15 


28 65 


47 7 


28 80 


48 


28 95 


48 2 


29 10 


48 5 


16 


30 56 


50 9 


30 72 


512 


30 88 


514 


31 04 


51 7 


17 


32 47 


54 1 


32 64 


54 4 


32 81 


54 6 


32 98 


54 9 


18 


34 38 


57 3 


34 56 


57 6 


34 74 


57 9 


34 92 


58 2 


19 


36 29 


60 4 


36 48 


60 8 


36 67 


61 1 


36 86 


614 


20 


38 20 


63 6 


38 40 


64 


38 60 


64 3 


38 80 


64 6 


21 


40 11 


66 8 


40 32 


67 2 


40 53 


67 5 


40 74 


67 9 


22 


42 02 


70 


42 24 


70 4 


42 46 


70 7 


42 68 


711 


23 


43 93 


73 2 


44 16 


73 6 


44 39 


73 9 


44 62 


74 3 


24 


45 84 


76 4 


46 08 


76 8 


46 32 


77 2 


46 56 


77 6 


25 


47 75 


79 5 


48 00 


80 


48 25 


80 4 


48 50 


80 8 


26 


49 66 


82 7 


49 92 


83 2 


50 18 


83 6 


50 44 


84 


27 


51 57 


85 9 


5184 


86 4 


52 11 


86 6 


52 38 


87 3 


28 


53 48 


89 1 


53 76 


89 6 


54 04 


90 


54 32 


90 5 


29 


55 39 


92 3 


55 68 


92 8 


55 97 


93 2 


56 26 


93 7 


30 


57 30 


95 5 


57 60 


96 


57 90 


96 5 


58 20 


97 


40 


76 40 


127 3 


76 80 


128 


77 20 


128 6 


77 60 


129 3 


50 


95 50 


159 1 


96 00 


160 


96 50 


160 8 


97 00 


161 6 


100 


191 00 


318 3 


192 00 


320 


193 00 


321 6 


194 00 


323 3 



280 



THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 



hdbd 

§ v. 


AT 195 CENTS 


AT 196 CENTS 


AT 197 CENTS 


AT 198 CEXTS 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BUSHEL. 


PER BOSIEL 


PER BUSHEL 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 


Value per 
Pouud. 


P ST 


Bushel. 


Pouud. 


Bushel. 


Pound. 


Bushel. 


Pouud. 


Bushel. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 95 


32 


1 96 


32 


1 97 


32 


1 98 


33 


2 


3 90 


6 5 


3 92 


6 5 


3 94 


6 5 


3 96 


6 6 


3 


5 85 


9 7 


5 88 


98 


5 91 


98 


5 94 


99 


4 


7 80 


13 


7 84 


k 13 


7 88 


13 1 


7 92 


13 2 


5 


9 75 


16 2 


9 80 


16 3 


9 85 


16 4 


9 90 


16 5 


6 


11 70 


19 5 


11 76 


19 6 


1182 


19 7 


11 88 


19 8 


7 


13 65 


22 7 


13 72 


22 8 


13 79 


22 9 


13 86 


23 1 


8 


15 60 


26 


15 68 


26 1 


15 76 


26 2 


15 84 


26 4 


9 


17 55 


29 2 


17 64 


29 4 


17 73 


29 5 


17 82 


29 7 


10 


19 50 


32 5 


19 60 


32 6 


19 70 


32 8 


19 80 


33 


11 


2145 


35 7 


21 56 


35 9 


21 67 


36 1 


21 78 


36 3 


12 


23 40 


39 


23 52 


39 2 


23 64 


39 4 


23 76 


39 6 


13 


25 35 


42 2 


25 48 


42 4 


25 61 


42 6 


25 74 


42 9 


14 


27 30 


45 5 


27 44 


45 7 


27 58 


45 9 


27-72 


47 2 


15 


29 25 


48 7 


29 40 


49 


29 55 


49 2 


29 70 


49 5 


16 


31 20 


52 


31 36 


52 2 


31 52 


52 5 


31 68 


52 8 


17 


33 15 


55 2 


33 32 


55 5 


33 49 


55 8 


33 66 


56 1 


18 


35 10 


58 5 


35 28 


58 8 


35 46 


59 1 


35 64 


59 4 


19 


37 05 


61 7 


37 24 


62 


37 43 


62 3 


37 62 


62 7 


20 


39 00 


65 


39 20 


65 3 


39 40 


65 6 


39 60 


66 


21 


40 95 


68 2 


41 16 


68 6 


41 37 


68 9 


4158 


69 3 


22 


42 90 


715 


43 12 


71 8 


43 34 


72 2 


43 56 


72 6 


23 


44 85 


74 7 


45 08 


75 1 


45 31 


75 5 


45 54 


75 9 


24 


46 80 


78 


47 04 


78 4 


47 28 


78 8 


47 52 


79 2 


25 


48 75 


812 


49 00 


81 6 


49 25 


82 


49 50 


82 5 


26 


50 70 


84 5 


50 96 


84 9 


51 22 


85 3 


5148 


85 8 


27 


52 65 


87 7 


52 92 


88 2 


53 19 


88 6 


53 46 


89 1 


28 


54 60 


91 


54 88 


914 


55 16 


91 9 


55 44 


92 4 


29 


56 55 


94 2 


56 84 


94 7 


57 13 


95 2 


57 42 


95 7 


30 


58 50 


97 5 


58 80 


98 


59 10 


98 5 


59 40 


99 


40 


78 00 


130 


78 40 


130 6 


78 80 


131 3 


79 20 


132 


50 


97 50 


162 5 


98 00 


163 3 


98 50 


164 1 


99 00 


165 


100 


195 00 


325 


196 00 


326 6 


197 00 


328 3 


198 00 


330 



AND ENGINEER S GUIDE. 



281 



P o 


AT 199 CENTS 


AT 200 CENTS 




O f2 


PER BUSHEL 


PER BUSHEL 




Value per 


Value per 
Pound. 


Value per 
Bushel. 


Value per 




5° ST" 


Bushel. 


Pound. 




Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


Dolls. Cts. 


Cts. Mills. 


1 


1 99 


3 3 


2 00 


33 




2 


3 98 


6 6 


4 00 


6 6 




3 


5 97 


9 9 


6 00 


10 




4 


7 96 


13 2 


8 00 


13 3 




5 


9 95 


16 5 


10 00 


16 6 




6 


11 94 


19 9 


12 00 


20 




7 


13 93 


23 2 


14 00 


23 3 




8 


15 92 


26 5 


16 00 


26 6 




9 


17 91 


29" 8 


18 00 


30 




10 


19 90 


33 1 


20 00 


33 3 




11 


2189 


36 4 


22 00 


36 6 




12 


23 88 


39 8 


24 00 


40 




13 


25 87 


431 


26 00 


43 3 




14 


27 86 


46 4 


28 00 


46 6 




15 


29 85 


49 7 


30 00 


50 




16 


31 84 


53 


32 00 


53 3 




17 


33 83 


56 3 


34 00 


56 6 




18 


35 82 


59 7 


36 00 


60 




19 


37 81 


63 


38 00 


63 3 




20 


39 80 


66 3 


40 00 


66 6 




21 


41 79 


69 6 


42 00 


70 




22 


43 78 


72 9 


44 00 


73 3 




23 


45 77 


76 2 


46 00 


76 6 




24 


47 76 


79 6 


48 00 


80 




25 


49 75 


82 9 


50 00 


83 3 




26 


51 74 


86 2 


52 00 


86 6 




27 


53 73 


89 5 


54 00 


90 




28 


55 72 


92 8 


56 00 


93 3 




29 


57 71 


96 1 


58 00 


96 6 




30 


59 70 


99 5 


60 00 


100 




40 


79 60 


132 6 


80 00 


133 3 




50. 


99 50 


165 8 


100 00 


166 6 




100 


199 00 


331 6 


200 00 


333 3 





24* 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Alterations in machinery 46 

American woods, table of. 167 

Angle, to lay off any required 132 

Artificers' work 13* 

Avoirdupois weight 15 

Babbitt metal 113 

Back of the running stone, turn- 
ing : 40 

Back, to fit a new, on a stone that 

has been running 55 

Baking, instructions for Ill 

Balance of millstone 22 

Balance ryne 49 

Balance ryne and driver 31, 33 

Balancing the stone 40 

Barley 91 

Barreling flour 85 

Barrel of flour, weight of. 187 

Beams and joists of mill-house 103 

Bed stone, setting the 37 

Belting friction 165 

Board measure, table of saw logs 

reduced to 139 

Boilers 201 

Boilers, cleaning 189 

Bolting reels and cloths 64 

Boxes for ends of driver 49 

Boxes for the driver 33 

Branding of flour 87 

Breast wheel 222 

Bricklayers' work 135 

Bricks and laths, dimensions of...- 135 
Bridge or tram the spindle, direc- 
tions how to > 39 

Brush or log dam 214 

Buckwheat, sifting of. 85 

Bushel, table showing the num- 
ber of pounds of various articles 
which constitute, in different 

States 88 

Bush, fastening the, in the bed 
stone 37 

Cast steel, composition for welding 151 

Cement 113 

Characters used 13 

Chimneys 204 

CI i liing of the stones in grind- 
ing middlings 78 



PAGE 
Circular saw ••• 123 

Circumferences and areas of cir- 
cles suitable for fly-wheels, etc.. 195 
Cisterns, wells, etc., table of capa- 
city of. 147 

Cleaning wheat 68 

Cogs 174 

Cogs, best kind of timber for 100 

Cogs, best time for seasoning and 

cutting 99 

Cogs, importance of dividing 

evenly 101 

Cogs in a steam mill 50 

Cogs, matching wheels to make 

wear even 179 

Columns of water, table of weight 

of 228 

Combination reaction water- 
wheel, table of velocities of. 237 

Composition for tempering mill 

picks 155 

Composition for welding cast steel. 151 

Construction of mill-dams 206 

Conveyor 61 

Corn meal, sifting of. 84 

Crank 185 

Crown or face gearing 174 

Cutting in furrows 26 

Cylinder 185 

Dams, construction of. 206 

Decimal fractions 17 

Decimals, division of. . 19 

Decimals, multiplication of. 18 

Decimals, subtraction of. 17 

Definitions of words used 14 

Distillation 93 

Division of decimals 19 

Double engines 190 

Draft and dress of millstones 53 

Draft and dress of millstones, au- 
thor's experience on 54 

Draft of furrows 26 

Draughting and planning mills, 

importance of. 96 

Dressing and sharpening mill- 
stones when dull 42 

Dressing of new millstones 23 

Dry measure 16 

Duty of the miller 89 

(283) 



284 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Elevator 59 

Engines, and their management... 183 

Engines, double 190 

Explanation of characters used.... 13 

Explosion of boilers 205 

Eye of the stone, rounding 40 

Eyes of millstones 21 

Face gearing 174 

Face of millstone, making straight. 23 

Falling bodies 170 

Falling bodies, table of. 170 

Fan, suction 70 

First moving power in a steam 

mill 50 

Flour barrels 86 

Flour packing 85 

Flutter wheels 232 

Fly-wheel 183,191 

Fly-wheels, table of circumfer? 
ences and areas of circles suit- 
able for 195 

Fractions, decimal 17 

Frame dam in two sections 211 

Frame dams 209 

Framing, importance of strength 

in 102 

Framing of mill work 102 

Friction 164 

Furrows, laying out their draft, 
and cutting them in 26 

Garlic, directions for grinding 

wheat containing 76 

Gate for mill-race 209 

Gates 215 

Gearings for propelling ma- 
chinery 171 

Governor or regulator 158 

Governors for flouring mills 156 

Grain separator 70 

Grinding middlings 78 

Grinding off the lumps of new 

stones 40 

Grinding wheat 72 

Grinding wheat with garlic 
amongst it 76 

Heat, effect of too great in grind- 
ing wheat 73 

Holes for balance ryne and driver.. 31 

Holes in millstones', to stop up 115 

Hopper boy 61 

Hopper, to find the quantity it will 

bold 130 

Horse-power 227 

Horse-power, table of. 145 

Husk frame 104 

Impinging bodies, non-elasticity 
and fluidity of. 220 

Indies of water necessary to drive 
one run of stones, table of. 227 



PAGE 

Incrustation in steam boilers, 

prevention of. 189 

Inspecting flour 64 

Irons of the mill 47 

Journals of crank 188 

Laths and bricks, dimensions of... 135 

Laws of motion and rest 233 

Laying off and cutting the holes 
for the balance ryne and driver.. 31 

Laying out furrows 26 

Lever and weight upon the safety- 
valve, to calculate the effects of. 196 

Liquid measure 16 

Liquids, rules of calculating 146 

Log dam 214 

Long measure 16 

Lumps of new stones, directions 
for grinding off. 40 

Machinery, rules for calculating 

speed of. 124 

Management of saw-mills 119 

Man power, table of. 145 

Masonry 133 

Matching wheels to make the 

cogs wear even 179 

Measure of solidity 145 

Measures and weights 15 

Middlings, directions for grinding.. 78 

Middlings, reels for bolting 80 

Mill, the irons 47 

Mill-dams, construction of. 206 

Miller, duty of. 89 

Mill-house, height of. 103' 

Mill picks, composition for tern- . 

pering 155 

Mill picks, directions for making 

and sharpening 152 

Millstone, balance of. 22 

Millstone, making face straight... 23 
Millstones, dressing and sharpen- 
ing when dull 42 

Millstones, dressing of., 23 

Milistones, eyes of. 21 

Millstones, selection of. 20 

Millstones, "taking out of wind".. 24 

Mill work, framing 102 

Motion and rest, laws of 233 

Motion of overshot wheels 221 

Muleysaw 122 

Multiplication of decimals 18 

New back, to fit on a stone that 
.has been running 55 

Non-elasticity and fluidity of im- 
pinging bodies 220 

Overshot and breast wheels.length 
of on fulls often to thirty feet... 225 

Overshot wheels 216 

Overshot wheels, motion of. 221 



INDEX. 



285 



PAGE 

Packing, beet kind of 188 

backing cylinder or piston 187 

Packing flour 85 

Pearl barley, or pot barley 91 

Planning and draughting of mills.. 96 

Plate 4, description of. 51 

Pinion 19,174 

Piston 183 

Pot, or pearl barley 91 

Power of gravity, percussion, or 
impulse, with the reaction at- 
tachment 233 

Power of man or horse, as applied 

to machinery, table of. 145 

Prevention of incrustation in 

steam boilers 189 

Principle upon which the mill- 
stones work 51 

Pulley 159 

Pumps 142 

Quantity a hopper will hold, to 
find 130 

Reaction attachment, power of 
gravity, percussion, or impulse, 

with 233 

Reels 71 

Reels for bolting the middlings.... 80 

Rock dam 207 

Rounding the eye of the stone 40 

Rim or ring of a fly-wheel, to find 
the weight 191 

Safety-valve, to calculate the ef- 
fect of a lever and weight upon.. 196 

Sails of windmills 105 

Sails of windmills, velocity of. 106 

Saw, circular 123 

Saw logs reduced to board meas- 
ure, table 139 

Saw-mills 119 

Saw-mills, tools for 119 

Saw, muley 122 

Saws of saw-mills 120, 121 

Screens 70 

Screw 144 

Seasoning and cutting cogs 99 

Selection of millstones 20 

Self-acting sails of windmills 109 

Separator 70 

Setting the bed stone, and fasten- 
ing the bush therein 37 

Shaft for saw 123 

Shafts in mill 49 

Sharpening millstones 42 

Slides, to set 186 

Slide valve 199 

Small mill grinding different 
kinds of grain, instructions for... 81 

Smut mill 69 

Solder for iron 115 

Solder for lead pipe 114 

Solder for tin ... 114 



pace 
Solders 114 

Solidity, 'measure of 145 

Solid measure 16 

Speed of Stones and machinery. .124-130 
Spindle, directions to bridge or 

tram 39 

Spindle for steam mill 48 

Spindle for water-mill 48 

Spouts 131 

Spur, crown, and bevel wheels 172 

Spur gears 172 

Spur wheel 173 

Staff, use of in dressing millstones.. 23 

Steam and the steam engine 181 

Steam mill, cogs in 50 

Steam mill, first moving power in.. 50 

Steam mills, wheels of. 50 

Steel 148 

Steel composition for welding 151 

Steel, degrees of heat required in 

manufacture of. 148 

Stone, balancing 40 

Stones for grinding 77 

Stones for small mill 82 

Stones, necessity of dressing often.. 75 
Stones, rules for calculating speed 

of 124 

Strength of different bodies 166 

Subtraction of decimals 17 

Suction fan 70 

Superficial measure 16 

Sweating of wheat and flour 86 

Tables to reckon price of wheat 
from thirty cents to two dollars 

per bushel 238-281 

Tail-water 224 

Teeth of saws 122 

Teeth of wheels 173 

Tempering mill picks, composition 155 

Timber measure 136 

Tub wheels 230 

Turning the back of the running 
stone 40 

Undershot wheels 228 

United States weights and meas- 
ures 15 

Untrue face of stones, effect of in 
grinding wheat 74 

Upright shaft in steam mill 51 

Valves 188, 199 

Velocities of the combination reac- 
tion water-wheel, table of 237 

Velocity of wheels, pulleys, drums, 
etc 161 

Velocity of wind 108 

Velocity to be taken into account 
in draft and dress of millstones.. 55 

Water, table of inches of necessary 
to drive one run of stones 227 



286 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Water-wheels 216 

Wedge 141 

Weight of columns of water, table 

of 228 

Weights and measures 15 

Welding cast steel, composition 

for 151 

Wells, cisterns, etc., table of, ca- 
pacity of. 147 

Wheat containing garlic 76 

Wheat, different varieties of, profit 

of 118 

Wheat, directions for cleaning 68 

Wheat for private families, grind- 
ing 118 

Wheat, instructions for grinding.. 72 



PAGE 

Wheat, table showing the product 
of a bushel of different weights 

and qualities 116 

Wheel and axle 171 

Wheels, breast 222, 225 

Wheels, combination reaction 237 

Wheels, fastening and hanging.... 177 

Wheels, flutter 232 

Wheels, overshot 216, 221, 225 

Wheels, pulleys, drums, etc., ve- 
locity 161 

Wheels, tub 230 

Wheels, undershot 228 

Windmills 104 

Woods, American, table of. 167 

Words used 14 



THE END. 



PLATE I. 



SCALE OF HALF AN INCH TO THE FOOT. 




e. The eye of the Stone. 

a. The Circle Line pitched into six equal parts. 
bbb. The three Beds for taking the Stone out of wind. 



PLATE II. 




a a. The Balance Ryne. 
b b. The Driver Boxes. 
c c c c. The Centre Lines. 

e. The Eye of the Stone. 



PLATE III. 




THE BED STONE. 



PLATE IV. 




THE TRANSPARENCY. 



PLATE V. 




THE RUNNING STONE. 



PLATE VI. 




TO RUN AGAINST THE SUN. 



PLATE VII. 




a a. The Balance Ryne. 

c. The Centre of the Stone. 
s s. The Mill Stone. 



PLATE VIII. 




s s. The Mill Stone. 

a. The Balance Ryne. 
b b. The Driver and Boxes 

p. The Spindle. 

J. The Tram. 

/. The Quill. 



PLATE IX. 




SUCTION FAN. 



A.ID"VEK/TISE^nEIsrTS. 



STOUT^ MILLS & TEMPLE, 

LUDLOW ST., DAYTON, OHIO, 

Four squares South of the Union Passenger Depot, 

PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE 



TUBBINE WATER- 



AND ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF 

MILL MACHINERY AND GENERAL MILL FURNISHING GOOD?. 

These Wheels and Cases possess important features in the application 
of water, which no other wheels do. There are six or more graduated 
shutes on these wheels, depending on the diameter. Each gate and shute 
is cast in one piece, and moves horizontally — the shute being hinged at the 
point near the inside of the case or point of depletion. Thus, as the gate 
is opened or closed, the shutes move with the gates. Behind the shute is a 
guard, which is cast between the upper and lower plates of the case. This 
guard relieves the gate from the hydrostatic pressure of the head ; conse- 
quently, the gates are easily opened and closed by means of a ring and 
levers, operated by a segment and pinion. The gate rod. on which the 
pinion is placed passes up through the husk or floor, with a hand-wheel 
on the upper end for the purpose of operating the gates. 

Whether the gates are fully or partially opened, the shutes are always 
adjusted to suit the amount of water admitted through the gates. There- 
fore, the wheel will produce as high a per cent, of power with a half as 
with a full gate. 

These Wheels are made strong and durable, give a high per cent, of 
power, and are guaranteed to give full satisfaction. All parts of Wheels 
and Cases are well fitted — the shutes are ground off smooth, and when 
they leave the shop are ready to set in a penstock, requiring but a small 
amount of labor to set them up. which any intelligent mechanic can do 
with the assistance of printed directions, which will be found in cur 
printed Circulars. We are making eleven sizes, from 12 to 66 inches diam- 
eter, producing from one to three hundred and fifty horse-power, according 
to the diameter of the wheel and height of fall under which they are 
placed. Orders filled promptly. We will be pleased to send by mail to 
those interested, a descriptive Catalogue of Water-Wheels, Mill Ma- 
chinery, etc. 

We will prosecute parties who infringe our rights in the use or manu- 
facture of our Ring and Levers, Case Guards, Knuckle Joints, Graduated 
Shutes, or claims on Water-Wheels. 

The author believes this Turbine Wheel one of the best now in use. It 
has been thoroughly tested by Messrs. Sohl & Co.. at their Mills, Indiana- 
polis, Indiana, with the LeiYell Wheel — the Payton Wheel taking consid- 
erably less water to do the same amount of work. 

1 



GrJ± HDISTEITS 




This Governor has many advantages over most, and many distinct fea- 
tures over all regulators of the steam-engine now in use, as regards both 
action and durability. The leading advantages in this Governor are sen- 
sitiveness without oscillation, absence of lost motion produced by wear, 
and the facility of changing the speed of the engine, without change of 

2 



GARDNERS COMPENSATION GOVERNOR. 

belts and without stopping the engine, and involving a very small amount 
of friction. Additional improvements have lately been added, by which 
the steam is shut off automatically in case of any accident stopping the 
Irotary motion of the engine, or stopping the governor belt. 

In this Governor the valve stem and governor stem are entirely de- 
tached; the valve is closed by the centrifugal force extended by the balls 
on the' rovolving arms, and opened by the gravitation of the adjustable 
ball on the lever working over a fulcrum. There is a constant pressure of 
gravitation operating against the varying pressure of the centrifugal 
force. This pressure is received on a steel toe working in a taleon cup, 
dispensing with all inside joints and connections, and as the pressure is 
constant on all the bearing surfaces there is never any lost motion to take 
up, the motion of the centrifugal balls being conveyed direct to the valve. 
The speed of the engine is varied by moving the adjustable weight so as 
to give a greater or less resistance to the centrifugal power. 

In this arrangement, it will be seen that a large amount of centrifugal 
force is developed without the necessity of carrying heavy balls (these 
balls are hollow and light), and also gives an increased speed to the 
Governor; and as the gravitation of the centrifugal balls is not requisite 
to the opening of the valve, it overcomes the difficulty noticed in most 
Governors of the inclination of the balls to revolve in the same plane, and 
when the motion decreases the balls seem to hang and then fall sluggishly, 
, allowing the engine to drop considerably below the speed, before the valve 
is opened to admit sufficient steam. The valve is tubular, balanced per- 
fectly, and free from friction, having a parallel opening and a very short 

travel. 

These Governors have now been in use for the last four years, and are 
fast coming into general use. They are well made and neatly designed. 

This Governor is the invention of Robt. N. Gardner, and was patented 
August 14th, 1860, and is manufactured by 

GARDNER & ROBERTSON, 

of Quincy, Illinois^ and 



HOFF & FOUNTAINE, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
3 




THE UNDERSIGNED BEG LEAVE TO CALL YOUR 
ATTENTION TO THEIR 

EXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER! 

Patented February 12th, 1861. 

Fig. 1 represents the Machine with half of lower casing removed. Fig. 
2 is a face view of the hrush head B, and tempering wheel C. Fig. 3 is a 
face view of the cloth wheel. Fig. 4 is a section of the cloth wheel. The 
brush head B hangs upon the lighter screws E E, and is composed of 15 
brushes, screwed on to an iron frame, with intermediate spaces between, 
to admit the arm of the tempering wheel C, which wheel also regulates 



KXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER. 

_/>>. 2. Tiff. 3. 




JTief.4;. 



th* depth of the furrows, and the elasticity or stiffness of the brushes. 
The disk screen or cloth wheel, Fig. 3, is an iron wheel, provided on its 
under side with fan blades, and to its upper side the cloth frames are at- 
tached by screw bolts ; the cloth wheel is keyed on to the shaft and re- 
volves within and above the air chamber F, and also beneath the stationary 
brush head B. The air chamber F has an opening on its under side, near 
the periphery, to which is attached the Flour spout G. Hence it is obvious 
that the evolution of the fans on the cloth wheel in the air chamber, must 
necessarily produce a blast at the spout G, and a downward suction 
through the meshes of the cloth, to supply the vacuum in the air chamber 
E, created by the blast at Gr. 

The principle upon which the machine acts is as follows : The Bran 
runs in the eye of the Machine ; from there it passes through the eye ot 
the stationary brush head B, on to the centre of the revolving cloth wheel 
D, the centrifugal force of which gradually forwards it outward to the 
periphery, where it is discharged at the bran spout II. The upper bran 

5 



EXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER. 

spout returns into the eye of the lower duster, where the same operation 
is repeated. The surfaces of the cloth and brush are perfectly level and 
true, the bran in passing between the two is equally distributed over the 
cloth wheel, and at the same time is thoroughly scoured by the brushes. 
The fine particles of flour, as fast as they become detached from the bran 
are taken through the cloth, by the suction, into the air chamber F, and 
are discharged at spout G-. 

This Machine is nearly all constructed of iron, is very simple in its 
operation, takes but little power to run it, and is very durable. The 
brushes in this Machine are so protected by the tempering wheel 0, that 
there is not any perceivable wear in several months' constant use. The 
cloth used in these Machines is a very superior article, and is manufactured 
expressly for our use. 

The principal advantages claimed for this Machine over all others are as 
follows : First, we can make a better article of Flour from the bran or 
offal, than can be produced by any other machine. Second, we get a much 
larger quantity of flour, consequently better yields. Third, the machine, 
while in motion, can be graduated by the miller, with the lighter screws, 
to take out more or less. Fourth, there is no need of any duster reels, 
and ve"ry little return cloth ; consequently, where these machines are used 
there is a great saving in machinery, power, and room. Fifth, it makes 
but few middlings, and what there is are clean and sharp for re-grinding. 
To parties engaged in manufacturing high grades of flour these machines 
are expressly adapted, as there is no difficulty in making yields, without 
reducing the quality. 

Parties using these Machines frequently run their yields down to four 
bushels to the barrel. The saving to millers with this Machine is from ten 
to fifteen pounds of wheat per barrel. Satisfactory evidence and reference 
given of this fact. 

The price of our Machine, capacity for Cleaning the offal from 200 bar- 
rels per day, is $450. A competent man will be sent with the Machine to 
see that it is put up in good order. Machines are guaranteed to do all we 
represent, or NO PAY. 

For further information, address 

CLARK, ELTING & CO., 

Buffalo, N. Y. Box 711. 

CLARK, ELTING & CO., 

214 Columbia St., Cincinnati, 0. 



CENTRIFUGAL FEEDING DOUBLE SUCTION 
SEPARATOR & SMUTTER COMBINED. 

Manufactured by the Inventor, at No. 169 West Second St., Cincinnati, Ohip, 
and also by A. K. Halteman, Oarondelet Av. & Carrol St., St. Louis, Mo. 




This Machine was awarded the First Premium at the Fifth and Last 
Great Annual State and National Fair, held in St. Louis, Mo., in September, 
1860; and also at the Ohio State Fair, held in Cleveland, 1863. 

A. J. Yandegrift is the inventor of the application of a Eevolving Plate, 



CENTRIFUGAL FEEDING SEPARATOR AND SMUTTER. 

for the purpose of spreading grain horizontally in a thin sheet across the 

ZT^VT™* ° f T air m ,he flues t0 Suction Separators, which w 
patented by him in June, 1858. This arrangement, for feeding grain fn 
air flues properly constructed for the purpose, renders the leSion 
of the impurities from grain as perfect as it can possibly be done on he 
principle of taking advantage of the difference in relat^ specific grav, 
Which is generally conceded to be the proper one. fc IJA "}> 

The above Cut represents a perspective view of Yandegrift's Centr/fvaal 
feeding Separator and Smutter Combined,™ improved and patented bv 
him in July, 1860. When combined, as represented by the Cut tlS 
Machine is so constructed, that the grain being spouted in at the top 
passes down through a feed tube which encircles the 'shaft on to a revolving 
fl ! V- 1 ' , y ltS r0tary lnotion ' throws the § rain off a «-oss the sucti.n 
th- Tl.VL'nf 01 a , man f \ s P r eading it through all parts of the flue alike, 
that the smut balls and all other impurities lighter than the grain itsel£ 
are floated out in the most perfect manner before the grain enters 'the 
scouring operator, which is also of a very superior construction, the out! 
I tfc vl he fi COmVO f d , ° f Ornate actions of open, free tempered, old 
stock French burr, and heavy perforated sheet-iron, which is so arranged 
that as fast as the dust and fibrous coating is detached from the grain it 
is ejected through the perforations in the sheet-iron sections of the ease 
^ t F r .?*» ™ to spaces properly arranged for the purpose, and is drawn 
away by the full force of the fan and is blown out of the mill-house the 
grain passing thence into another flue, where it is subjected to another 
strong suction current, and passes away from the Machine in complete 
order for grinding, the offal being divested of all dust, being also re-sepa- 
rated and graded as it passes from the Machine, renders it capable of 
being set in any part of the mill most convenient, there bein«- no dust 
t^Tfy w 8 ab ° U t it n This *i ac hine was first introduced by the inventor 

«& \v? « T'?? W h r m - the cit i' of St Louis ' duiin ? the summer of 
lbo8 the first Machine being put up in the Saxony Mills, for Messrs. 
Leonhardt & Schuricht, which they have now been running five years 
having cleaned nine hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat through 
it. me total expense of repairs on this Machine has been $13 10 and it 
is now in good order, and capable of cleaning one hundred bushels per 
hour, in the most perfect manner. This Machine has been very generally 
adopted by the first-class Mills in the city of St. Louis and surrounding 
country. It is used by the following Mills in the city : 

Ifar "MUiy" 8 * £.*' t e Zr$? Mllls ' Pnoenlx Mills. 

»«ai J^lllI^. Park Mills. Plautrr's »nn = 

O'Fallon Mills. Empire Mills. Itlamic Mills?' 

The manufacturers build six different sizes of this Machine, with capa- 
cities ranging from 15 bushels to 150 bushels per hour— they also build 
various sizes of Centrifugal Feeding Suction Separators, without the 
bcourmg Operators, to order. The inventor is now being very successful 
in introducing these Machines into Flouring Mills, and also his Separators 
01 very large size, to run in connection with Shipping Elevators, in the 
city ot Cincinnati and surrounding country. 

Persons interested can obtain Circulars, containing full particulars, bv 
calling on, or addressing J 

A. J. VANDEGRIFT, 

No. 169 W. Second St., Cincinnati, 0., or 
A. K. HALTEMAN, 

Carortdelet Av. and Carrol St., St. Louis, Mo. 
6 



CORN SHELLER & CLEANER. 

READING'S PATENT. 




THIS MACHINE HAS TAKEN THE f IRST PREMIUM AT TWENTY DIFFERENT FAIRS. 

In fact at every Fair at which it has been exhibited. It is warranted in 
every point superior to any other Sheller now in use. It is very simple in 
its construction, and also very durable ; has not a cog wheel about it. One 
advantage it has over other Power Shelters is in the permanency, size, and 
durability of the teeth, being very large and made solid in the Cylinder. 
This machine, unlike all other Shellers, does not shell against a rest, but en- 
tirely by friction ; the Cylinder is not nearer the case than four inches in 
any position, consequently if a stone, piece of iron, or any hard substance 
gets into the machine when running it does not injure it, but presses it in 
among the cobs, and passes out with them without any injury to the ma- 
chine. We build three sizes, as follows : 

No. 1 Plain Sheller, capacity 1,500 to 2,500 busliels 
per day. 

No. 2 Sheller and Cleaner, capacity 600 to 1000 bush- 
els per day, 4 Horse-Power. 

No. 3 Plain Sheller, capacity 500 to 800 bushels per 
day, 4 Horse-Power. 

Our No. 1 is best adapted to distillery use, being built extra heavy and 
strong. Our Sheller and Cleaner fans, riddles and cleans the corn ready 

9 



PREMIUM POWER CORN SHELLER AND CLEANER. 

for market. Below we give a few certificates from persons who are now 
using our Shelters ; we can give a large number equally as strong as the 
following if required. For further information address the manufacturers, 
they being prepared to fill orders for all kinds of Agricultural Implements 
and Machinery ; also, dealers in all kinds of Field and other Seed, Fruit 
and ornamental Trees, etc., etc. 

J. WILDER & CO., 

Manufacturers and Dealers, 230 Walnut St., Cincinnati, 0. 



Cincinnati y August 21, I860. 
MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO., " 

Gents:— We have been using one of the No. 2 Reading Patent Com Shellers 
with Cleaner attached, and wo believe it the best machine in use; it is simple, durable, 
and performs its work satisfactorily, both in Shelling and Cleaning. 
Respectfully, yours, 

THOMAS & GEORGE FOX, 
Starch Manufacturers, Lockland, Ohio. Office 61 Walnut St. 



Camp Washington Starch Factory, August 10, 1860. 
MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO., 

Gents :— In reply to your inquiry would say that I am highly pleased with the 
working of the Sheller and Cleaner I got of you. You need have no fears in warrant- 
ing the machine to work to the entire satisfaction of every one. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mcdonald & bro. 

Cincinnati, August 18, 1860. 
MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO., 

Gents :— Having heretofore used various approved kinds of Power Corn Shellers, 
all of which failed to meet our entire satisfaction; we, at your solicitation, tried and 
thoroughly tested your extra heavy No. 1 Reading Sheller, and have no hesitancy in 
saying that we think it far superior in every respect to any now in use. 

M. DODSWOTTH, 
A. H. SMITH & CO., 
GEORGE COON, 

Distillers, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



^ADVERTISEMENTS of MILL MACHINERY, which meet 
the approbation of the AUTHOR, will be inserted here by the 
PUBLISHER, at $20 per page. Address 

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 

Industrial Publisher 406 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 
10 



practical anfo 




PUBLISHED BY 

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 

INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 

Ptf"o. 406 "\^7" ** X aa. -ul t Street, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



O" Any of the following Books will be sent by mail, free 
of postage, at the publication price. Catalogues furnished 
on application. 

American Miller and Millwright's Assistant; 

A new and thoroughly revised Edition, with additional 
Engravings. By William Carter Hughes. In one vol- 
ume, 12 mo., $1.25 

Armengaud, Amoroux, and Johnson, 

THE PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF INDUS- 
TRIAL DESIGN, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing 
Companion ; forming a complete course of Mechanical 
Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the French 
of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the Con- 
servatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Armen- 
gaud the younger, and Amouroux, Civil Engineers. Re- 
written and arranged, with additional matter and plates, 
selections from and examples of the most useful and 
generally employed mechanism of the day. By William 
Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of " The Practical 
Mechanic's Journal." Illustrated by fifty folio steel 
plates and fifty wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to.,...$10.00 

Among the contents are : — Linear Drawing, Definitions and Problems, 
P^ate I. Applications, Designs for inlaid Pavements, Ceilings and 
Balconies, Plate II. Sweeps, Sections aj d Mouldings, Plate III. Ele 
mentary Gothic Forms and Rosettes, Plate IV. Ovals, Ellipses, 



PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 

Parabolas and Volutes, Plate V. Rules and Practical Data. Study q* 
Projections, Elementary Principles, Plate VI. Of Prisms and other 
Solids, Plate VII. Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring Sections, with 
Appi cations — Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors, 
Plate X. Continuation of the Study of Projections — Use of sections — de- 
tails of machinery, Plate XI. Simple applications — spindles, shafts, 
couplings, wooden patterns, Plate XII. Method of constructing a 
wooden model or pattern of a coupling, Elementary applications- 
rails and chairs for railways, Plate XIII. Rules and Practical Data- 
Strength of material, Resistance to compression or crushing force, 
Tensional Resistance, Resistance to flexure, Resistance to torsion, 
Friction of surfaces in contact. 

The Intersection and Development of Surfaces, with Ap- 
plications. — The Intersection of Cylinders and Cones, Plate XIV. Th6 
Delineation and Development of Helices, Screws and Serpentines, Plate 

XV. Application of the helix — the construction of a staircase, Plate 

XVI. The Intersection of surfaces — applications to stop-cocks, Plate 

XVII. Rules and Practical Data — Steam, Unity of heat, Heating surface, 
Calculation of the dimensions of boilers, Dimensions of firegrates, 
Chimneys, Safety-valves. 

The Study and Construction of Toothed Gear. — Involute, cy- 
cloid, and epicycloid, Plates XVIII. and XIX. Involute, Fig. 1, Plate 

XVIII. Cycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XVIII. External epicycloid, described 
by a circle rolling about a fixed circle inside it, Fig. 3, Plate XIX. 
Internal epicycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XIX. Delineation of a rack and 
pinion in gear, Fig. 4, Plate XVIII. Gearing of a worm with a worm- 
wheel, Figs. 6 and 6, Plate XVIII. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing, Plate 

XIX. Practical delineation of a couple of Spur-wheels, Plate XX. 
The Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for Toothed Wheels, 
Plate XXI. Rules and Practical Data — Toothed gearing, Angular and 
circumferential velocity of wheels, Dimensions of gearing, Thickness 
of the teeth, Pitch of the teeth, Dimensions of the web, Number and 
dimensions of the arms, wooden patterns. 

Continuation of the Study of Toothed Gear. — Design for a 
pair of bevel-wheels in gear, Plate XXII. Construction of wooden 
patterns for a pair of bevel-wheels, Plate XXIII. Involute and 
Helical Teeth, Plate XXIV. Contrivances for obtaining Differential 
Movements — The delineation of eccentrics and cams, Plate XXV. Rules 
and Practical Data— Mechanical work of effect, The simple machines, 
Centre of gravity, On estimating the power of prime movers, Calcu- 
lation for the brake. The fall of bodies, Momentum, Central forces. 

Elementary Principles of Shadows. — Shadows of Prisms, Pyra- 
mids and Cylinders, Plate XXVI. Principles of Shading, Plate XXVII. 
Continuation of the Study of Shadows, Plate XXVIII. Tuscan Order 
Plate XXIX. Rules and Practical Data — Pumps, Hydrostatic principles, 
Forcing pumps, Lifting and forcing pumps, The Hydrostatic press, 
Hydrostatical calculations and data — discharge of water through dif- 
ferent orifices, Gaging of a water-course of uniform section and fall, 
Velocity of the bottom of water-courses, Calculation of the discharge 
of water through rectangular orifices of narrow edges, Calculation of 
the discharge of water through overshot outlets, To determine the 
width of an overshot outlet, To determine the depth of the outlet, 
Outlet with a spout or duct. 

Application of Shadows to Toothed Gear, Plate XXX. Ap- 
plication of Shadows to Screws, Plate XXXI. Application of Shadows to 
a Boiler and its Furnace, Plate XXXII. Shading in Black — Shading in 
Colors, Plate XXXIII. 

The Cutting and Shaping of Masonry, Plate XXXIV. Rides 
and Practical Data — Hydraulic motors, Undershot water wheels, with 
plane floats and a circular channel, Width, Diameter, Velocity, Num- 
ber and capacity of the buckets, Useful effect of the water wheel. 
Overshot water wheels, Water wheels with radial floats, Water wheel 
With curved buckets, Turbines. Remarks on Machine Tools. 
2 



PUBLISHED BY HENEY CAREY BAIRD. 

The Study of Machinery and Sketching.— Various applications 
and combinations: The Sketching of Machinery, Plates XXXV. nnd 
XXWI, Drilling Machine; Motive Machines; Water wheels, Cnn- 
etruction and setting: up of water wheels, Delineation of water wheels, 
Design for a water wheel, Sketch of a water wheel; Overshot Wai-r 
Wheels. Water Pumps, Plate XXXVII. Steam Motors; High-pressure 
expansive steam engine, Plates XXXVIII., XXXIX. and XL. Details 
of Construction ; Movements of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; 
Rates and Practical Data — Steam engines : Low-pressure condensing 
engines without expansion valve, Diameter of piston, Velocities. 
Steam pipes and passages, Air-pump and condenser, Cold-water and 
feed-pumps, High-pressure expansive engines, Medium pressure con- 
densing and expansive steam engine, Conical pendulum or centrifugal 
governor. 

Oblique Projections. — Application of rules to the delineation of 
an oscillating cylinder, Plate XLI. 

Parallel Perspective. — Principles and applications, Plate XLII. 

True Perspective. — Elementary principles, Plate XLIII. Appli- 
cations—flour mill driven by belts, Plates XLIV. and XLV. Descrip- 
tion of the mill, Representation of the mill in perspective, Notes of 
recent improvements in flour mills, Schiele's mill, Mullin's " ring mill- 
stone," Barnett's millstone, Hastie's arrangement for driving millf,, 
Currie's improvements in millstones ; Rules and Practical Data — Work 
performed by various machines, Flour mills, Saw mills, Veneer-sawing 
machines, Circular saws. 

Examples of Finished Drawings of Machinery. — Plate A, 
Balance water-meter; Plate B, Engineer's shaping machine; Plate 
C D E, Express locomotive engine ; Plate F., Wood planing machine ; 
Plate G, Washing machine for piece goods ; Plate H, power loom ; 
Plate I, Duplex steam boiler ; PLate J, Direct-acting marine engines. 

Drawing Instruments. 

Blinn. A Practical Workshop Companion 
for Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-Plate 
Workers: • 

Containing Rules for Describing various kinds of Patterns 
used by Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-Plate Workers ; 
Practical Geometry ; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids ; 
Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, etc. ; Tables 
of Areas and Circumferences of Circles ; Japans, Varnishes, 
Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc. etc. By Leroy J. 
Blinn. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo $2.50 

Beans, A Treatise on Railroad Curves and the 
Location of Railroads, 

By E. W. Beans, C. E. 12mo. fin press.) 

Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, 

From 1608 to 1860 ; exhibiting the Origin and Growth 
of the Principal Mechanic Arts arid Manufactures, from 
the Earliest Colonial Period to the Present Time ; with a 

3 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Re- 
sults of each Decennial Census. By J. Leander Bishop, 
M. D, : to which is added Notes on the Principal Manu- 
facturing Centres and Remarkable Manufactories. By 
Edward Young and Edwin T. Freedley. In two vols., 
8vo $6.00 

Bookbinding : A Manual of the Art of Book 
binding, 

Containing full instructions in the different branches of 
Forwarding, Gilding and Finishing. Also, the Art of 
Marbling Book-edges and Paper. By James B. Nicholson. 
Illustrated. 12mo., cloth, $2.25 

CONTENTS.— Sketch of the Progress of Bookbinding, Sheet- 
work, Forwarding the Edges, Marbling, Gilding the Edges, Covering, 
Hnlf Binding, Blank Binding, Boarding, Cloth-work, Ornamental Art, 
Finishing, Taste and Design, Styles, Gilding, Illuminated Binding, 
Blind Tooling, Antique, Coloring, Marbling, Uniform Colors, Gold 
Marbling, Landscapes, etc., Inlaid Ornaments, Harmony of Colors, 
Pasting Down, etc., Stamp or Press-work, Restoring the Bindings of 
Old Books, Supplying imperfections in Old Books, Hints to Book Col- 
lectors, Technical Lessons. 

Booth and Morfit. The Encyclopedia of 
Chemistry, Practical and Theoretical: 

Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mine- 
ralogy, Greolo^p", Medicine, and Pharmacy, By James C. 
Booth, Melter and Refiner in the United States Mint ; 
Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, 
etc.; assisted by Campbell Morfit, author of "Chemical 
Manipulations," etc. 7th Edition. Complete in one 
volume, royal octavo, 978 pages, with numerous wood 
cuts and other illustrations, $5.00 

From the very large number of articles in this volume, it is entirely 
fmpossible to give a list of the Contents, but attention may be called 
to some among the more elaborate, such as Affinity, Alcoholometry, 
Ammonium, Analysis, Antimony, Arsenhr, Blowpipes, Cyanogen, Dis- 
tillation, Electricity, Ethyl, Fermentation, Iron, Lead and Water. 

Brewer; (The Complete Practical.) 

Or Plain, Concise, and Accurate Instructions in the An 
of Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, etc., etc., and the Process 
Df Making all the Small Beers. By M. Lafayette Byrn, 

M. D. With Illustrations. 12mo $1.25 

"Many an old brewer will find in this book valuable hints and sug- 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 

gestions worthy of consideration, and the novice can post himself up 
In his trade in all its parts." — Artisan. 

Builder's Pocket Companion: 

Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and 
Architecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions con- 
nected with the subject. By A. C. Smeaton, Civil Engi- 
neer, etc. In one volume, 12nio., $1.25 

CONTENTS.— The Builder, Carpenter, Joiner, Mason, Plasterer, 
Plumber, Painter, Smith, Practical Geometry, Surveyor, Cohesive 
Strength of Bodies, Architect. 

" It gives, in a small space, the most thorough directions to the 
builder, from the laying of a brick, or the felling of a tree, up to the 
most elaborate production of ornamental architecture. It is scientific, 
without being obscure and unintelligible ; and every house-carpenter, 
master, journeyman, or apprentice, should have a copy at hand 
always." — Evening Bulletin. 

Bvrne. The Handbook for the Artisan, Me- 
chanic, and Engineer, 

Containing Instructions in Grinding and Sharpening of 
• Cutting Tools, Figuration of Materials by Abrasion, Lapi- 
dary Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing and 
Lackering, Abrasive Processes, etc., etc. By Oliver 
Byrne. Illustrated with 11 large plates and 185 cuts. 
8vo., cloth, $5.00 

CONTENTS.— Grinding Cutting Tools on the Ordinary Grind- 
stone ; Sharpening Cutting Tools on the Oilstone ; Setting Razors ; 
Sharpening Cutting Tools with Artificial Grinders ; Production of Plane 
Surfaces- by Abrasion ; Production of Cylindrical Surfaces by Abra- 
sion ; Production of Conical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of 
Spherical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Glass Cutting ; Lapidary Work ; 
Setting, Cutting, and Polishing Flat and Rounded Works ; Cutting 
Faucets ; Lapidary Apparatus for Amateurs ; Gem and Glass Engrav- 
ing ; Seal and Gem Engraving ; Cameo Cutting ; Glass Engraving, 
Varnishing, and Lackering ; General Remarks upon Abrasive Pro- 
cesses ; Dictionary of Apparatus ; Materials and Processes for Grinding 
and Polishing commonly employed in the Mechanical and Useful Arts. 

Byrne. The Practical Metal- worker's Assist- 
ant, 

For Tin-plate Workers, Braziers, Coppersmiths, Zinc- 
plate Ornrmenters and Workers, Wire Workers, White- 
smiths, Blacksmiths, Bell Hangers, Jewellers, Silver and 
Gold Smiths, Electrotypers, and all other Workers in 
Alloys and Metals, Edited by Oliver Byrne. Complete 
in one volume, octavo, §7.00 

It treats of Casting, Founding, and Forging; of Tongs and othei 
Tools; Degrees of Heat and Management of Fires j Welding of 

5 



PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

Heading and Swage Tools ; of Punches and Anvils ; of Hardening an-l 
Tempering; of Malleable Iron Castings, Case Hardening, Wrought 
and Cast Iron; the Management and Manipulation of Metals and 
Alloys, Melting and Mixing ; the Management of Furnaces, Casting 
and Founding with Metallic Moulds, Joining and Working Sheet Metal ; 
Peculiarities of the different Tools employed ; Processes dependent on 
the ductility of Metals ; Wire Drawing, Drawing Metal Tubes, Solder- 
ing ; The use of the Blowpipe, and every other known Metal Worker's 
Tool. 

Byrne, The Practical Model Calculator, 

For the Engineer, Machinist, Manufacturer of Engine 
Work, Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By 
Oliver Byrne, Compiler and Editor of the Dictionary of 
Machines, Mechanics, Engine Work and Engineering, and 
Author of various Mathematical and Mechanical Works. 
Illustrated by numerous engravings. Complete in one 
large volume, octavo, of nearly six hundred pages,. .$4. 50 

The principal objects of this work are : to establish model calcula- 
tions to guide practical men and students ; to illustrate every practical 
rule and principle by numerical calculations, systematically arranged ; 
to give information and data indispensable to those for whom it is in- 
tended, thus surpassing in value any other book of its character ; to 
economize the labor of the practical man, and to render his every-day 
calculations easy and comprehensive. It will be found to be one of 
the most complete and valuable practical books ever published. 

Cabinetmaker's and Upholsterer's Companion, 

Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet- 
making and Upholstery, with Familiar Instructions, il- 
lustrated by Examples for attaining a proficiency in the 
Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabinet Work ; the 
processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl Work ; the 
Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, 
etc. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnish- 
ing ; to make French Polish ; to prepare the best Glues, 
Cements, and Compositions, and a number of Receipts 
particularly useful for Workmen generally. By J. Stokes. 

In one volume, 12mo. With Illustrations, $1.25 

" A large amount of practical information, of great service to all 
concerned in those branches of business." 

Campin, A Practical Treatise on Mechanical 
Engineering; 

Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, 
Tools, Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, 
Manufacture of Steam Engines, etc. etc. With an Appen- 
dix on the Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By Francis 
Campin, C. E. To which are added, Observations on the 
6 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIED 

Construction of Steam Boilers and remarks upon Furnaces 
used for Smoke Prevention ; with a Chapter on Explosions. 
By R. Armstrong, C. E., and John Bourne. Rules for Cal- 
culating the Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Lathe v 
and for a Wheel-cutting Machine. By J. La Nicca. Man- 
agement of Steel, including Forging, Hardening, Temper- 
ing, Annealing, Shrinking, and Expansion. And the Case- 
hardening of Iron. By G. Ede. 8vo. Illustrated with 29 
plates and 100 wood engravings. 8vo ....$6.00 

Colburn, The Locomotive Engine ; 

Including' a Description of its Structure, Rules for Esti- 
mating its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its 
Construction and Management. By Zekah Colburn. Il- 
lustrated. A new edition. 12mo, $1.25 

" It is the mo3t practical and generally useful work on the Steam 
Engine that we have seen." — Boston Traveler." 

Dagnerreotypist and Photographer's Companion, 

12mo., cloth, $1.25 

Distiller (The Complete Practical). 

By M. Lafayette Byrn, M.D. With Illustrations. 12mo. 

$1.25 

" So simplified, that it is adapted not only to the use of extensive 
Distillers, but for every farmer, or others who may want to engage in 
Distilling." — Banner of the Union. 

Dussauce. Practical Treatise 

On the Fabrication of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulmi- 
nating Powders. By Prof. H. Dussauce. 12mo.,....$3.00 

CONTENTS.— Phosphorus. —History of Phosphorus; Physical 
Properties ; Chemical Properties ; Natural State ; Preparation of 
White Phosphorus ; Amorphous Phosphorus, and Benoxide of Lead. 
Matches.— Preparation of Wooden Matches; Matches inflammable by 
rubbing, without noise ; Common Lucifer Matches : Matches without 
Phosphorus ; Candle Matches ; Matches with Amorphous Phospho- 
rus ; Matches and Rubbers without Phosphorus. Gun Cotton. — Proper- 
ties ; Preparation ; Paper Powder ; use of Cotton and Paper Powders 
for Fulminating Primers, etc.; Preparation of Fulminating Primers, 
etc., etc. 

Dnssauce. Chemical Receipt Book: 

A General Formulary for the Fabrication of Leading 
Chemicals, and their Application to the Arts, Manufac- 
tures, Metallurgy, and Agriculture. By Prof. H. Dus- 
sauce. {In press.) 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 

DYEING, CALICO PRINTING, COLOES, COTTON SPIN- 
NING, AND WOOLEN MANUFACTURE. 

Baird. The American Cotton Spinner, and 
Manager's and Carder's Guide: 

A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Di- 
mensions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist 
Calculations, etc.; with Notices of recent Improvements : 
together with Rules and Examples for making changes 
in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Com- 
pile 1 from the papers of the late Robert H. Baird. 
12mo $1.25 

Capron De Dole, Dussanee, Blues and Car- 
mines of Indigo: 

A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of every Commer 
cial Product derived from Indigo. By Felicien Capron 
de Dole. Translated, with important additions, by Pro- 
fessor H. Dussauce. 12mo $2.50 

Chemistry Applied to Dyeing, 

By James Napier, F. C. S. Illustrated. 12mo $2.50 

CONTENTS— General Properties of Matter.— Heat, Light, Ele- 
ments of Matter, Chemical Affinity. Non-Metallic Substances. — Oxygen, 
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Sulphur, Selenium, Phosphorus, Iodine, 
Bromine, Fluorine, Siiicum, Boron, Carbon. Metallic Substances. — 
General Properties of Metals, Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Soap, 
Barium, Strontium, Calcium, Magnesium, Alminum, Manganese, Iron, 
Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Bismuth, Tin, Titanium, 
Chromium, Vanadium, Tungstenum or Wolfram, Molybdenum, Tella- 
rium, Arsenic, Antimony, Uranium, Cerium, Mercury, Silver, Gold, 
Platinum, Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, Lanthanium. Mor- 
dants. — Red Spirits, Barwood Spirits, Plumb Spirits, Yellow Spirits, 
Nitrate of Iron, Acetate of Alumina > Black Iron Liquor, Iron and Tin 
for Royal Blues, Acetate of Copper. Vegetable Matters used in Dyeing. — 
Galls, Sumach, Catechu, Indigo, Logwood, Brazil-woods, Sandal-wood, 
Barwood, Camwood, Fustic, Young Fustic, Bark or Quercitron, Fla- 
vine, Weld or Wold, Turmeric, Persian Berries, Safflower, Madder, 
Munjeet, Annota, Alkanet Root, Archil. Proposed New Vegetable 
Dyes. — Sooranjee, Carajuru, Wongshy, Aloes, Pittacal, Barbary Root, 
Animal Matters used in Dyeing. — Cochineal, Lake or Lac, Kerms. 

This will be found one of the most valuable books on the subject of 
dyeing, ever published in this country. 

Dussauce. Treatise on the Coloring Matters 
Derived from Coal Tar; 

Their Practical Application in Dyeing Cotton, Wool, and 

8 



PUBLISHED BY HEIVRY CAREY BAIRD. 

Silk ; the Principles of the Art of Dyeing and of the Dis- 
tillation of Coal Tar ; with a Descriptfon of the most Im- 
portant New Dyes now in use. By Professor H. Dus- 
sauce, Chemist. 12mo $2.50 

CONTENTS.— Historical Notice of the Art of Dyeing— Chemical 
Principles of the Art of Dyeing— Preliminary Preparation of Stuffs — 
Mordants — Dyeing — On the Coloring Matters produced by Coal Tar — 
Distillation of Coal Tar — History of Aniline — Properties of Aniline — 
Preparation of Aniline directly from Coal Tar — Artificial Preparation 
of Aniline — Preparation of Benzole — Properties of Benzole— Prepara- 
tion of Nitro-Benzole — Transformation of Nitro-Benzole into Aniline, 
by means of Sulphide of Ammonium ; by Nascent Hydrogen ; by Ace- 
tate of Iron ; and by Arsenite of Potash — Properties of the Bi-Nitro- 
Benzole — Aniline Purple — Violine — Roseine — Emeraldine — Bleu de 
Paris — Futschine, or Magenta— Coloring Matters obtained by other 
bases from Coal Tar — Nitroso-Phenyline — Di Nitro-Aniline — Nitro- 
Phenyline — Picric Acid — Rosolic Acid — Quinoline — Napthaline Colors 
— Chloroxynaphthalic and Perchloroxynapthalic Acids— Carminaph- 
tha — Ninaphthalamine — Nitrosonaphthaline — Naphthamein — Tar Red 
— Azuline — Application of Coal Tar Colors to the Art of Dyeing and 
Calico Printing— Action of Light on Coloring Matters from Coal Tar 
— Latest Improvements in the Art of Dyeing — Chrysammic Acid — Mo- 
lybdic and Picric Acids — Extract of Madder — Theory of the Fixation 
of Coloring Matters in Dyeing and Printing — Principles of the Action 
of -the most important Mordants— Aluminous Mordants — Ferruginous 
Mordants — Stanniferous Mordants — Artificial Alizarin — Metallic Hy- 
posulphites as Mordants — Dyer's Soap — Preparation of Indigo for Dye- 
ing and Printing — Relative Value of Indigo — Chinese Green Murexide. 

Over and Color-maker's Companion: 

Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making 
Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the 
various styles and fabrics now in existence ; with the 
Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, 
Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. Second edition. 
In one volume, 12mo ....$1.25 



French Dyer, (The) : 



Comprising the Art of Dyeing in Woolen, Silk, Cotton, 
etc., etc. By M. M. Riffault, Vernaud, De Fontenelle, 
Thillaye, and Mallepeyre. {In press.) 

Love, The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scouring, 
and Finishing, 

On the Most Approved English and French Methods ; 
being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woolens 
and Cottons, Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc.. Scouring and, 
Cleaning Bed and Window Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc., 
French* and English Cleaning, any Color or* Fabric of 
Silk, Satin, or Damask. By Thomas Love, a working 

Dyer and Scourer. In one volume, 12mo.... ... $b\00 

9 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

O'Neill. Chemistry of Calico Printing, Dye- 
ing, and Bleaching ; 

Including Silken, Woolen, and Mixed Goods ; Practical 
and Theoretical. By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 

O'Neill. A Dictionary of Calico Printing and 
Dyeing. 

By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 

Scott. The Practical Cotton-spinner and Man- 
ufacturer ; 

Or, The Manager and Overlooker's Companion. This 
work contains a Comprehensive System of Calculations 
for Mill Gearing and Machinery, from the first Moving 
Power, through the different processes of Carding, Draw- 
ing, Slabbing, Roving, Spinning, and Weaving, adapted 
to American Machinery, Practice and Usages. Compen- 
dious Tables of Yarns and Reeds are added. Illustrated 
by large Working-Drawings of the most approved Ameri- 
can Cotton Machinery. Complete in one volume, oc- 
tavo $5.00 

This edition of Scott's Cotton-Spinner, by Oliver Byrne, is designed 
for the American Operative. It will be found intensely practical, and 
will be of the greatest possible value to the Manager, Overseer, and 
Workman. 

Sellers. The Color-mixer. 

By John Sellers, an Experienced Practical Workman. 
To which is added a Catechism of Chemistry. In one 
volume, 12mo $2.50 

Smith, The Dyer's Instructor; 

Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing 
Silk, Cotton, Wool and Worsted, and Woolen Goods, as 
Single and Two-colored Damasks, Moreens, Camlets, 
Lastings, Shot Cobourgs, Silk Striped Orleans, Plain Or- 
leans, from White and Colored Warps, Merinos, Woolens, 
Yarns, etc.; containing nearly eight hundred Receipts. 
To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding, and 
the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins and Handkerchiefs, 
and the various Mordants and Colors for the different 
10 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CdEEY BAIRD. 



styles of such work. By David Smith, Pattern Dyer. 
A new edition, in one volume, 12mo $3.00 

CONTENTS.— Wool Dyeing, 60 receipts— Cotton Dyeing, 68 re- 
ceipts — Silk Dyeing, 60 receipts — Woolen Yarn Dyeing, 69 receipts — 
Worsted Yarn Dyeing, 61 receipts — Woolen Dyeing, 62 receipts — Da- 
mask Dyeing, 40 receipts — Moreen Dyeing, 38 receipts — Two-Colored 
Damask Dyeing, 21 receipts — Camlet Dyeing, 23 receipts — Lasting Dye- 
ing, 23 receipts — Shot Cobourg Dyeing, 18 receipts — Silk Striped Or- 
leans, from Black, White, and Colored Warps, 23 receipts — Colored 
Orleans, from Black Warps, 16 receipts — Colored Orleans and Co- 
bourgs, from White Warps, 27 receipts — Colored Merinos, 41 receipts 
— Woolen Shawl Dyeing, 15 receipts — Padding, 42 receipts — Silk Warp, 
Skein, and Handkerchief Printing, 62 receipts — Nature and Use of Dye- 
wares, including Alum, Annotta, Archil, Ammonia, Argol, Super 
Argol, Camwood, Catechu, Cochineal, Chrome, or Bichromate of Pot- 
ash, Cudbear* Chemic, or Sulphate of Indigo, French Berry, or Persian 
Berry, Fustic or Young Fustic, Galls, Indigo, Kermes or Lac Dye, 
Logwood, Madder, Nitric Acid or Aqua Fortis, Nitrates, Oxalic Tin, 
Peachwood, Prussiate of Potash, Quercitron Bark, Satflower, Saun- 
ders or Red Sandal, Sapan Wood, Sumach, Turmeric, Examination of 
Water by Tests, etc., etc. 



[Jlrich. Dussauce. A Complete Treatise 

On the Akt of Dyeing Cotton and Wool, as practised in 

Paris, Rouen, M[jlhouse and Germany. From the French 

of M. Louis Ulrich, a Practical Dyer in the principal 

Manufactories of Paris, Rouen, Mulhouse, etc., etc. ; to 

which are added the most important Receipts for Dyeing 

Wool,, as practised in the Manufacture Imperiale des 

Gobelins, Paris. By Professor H. Dussauce. 12mo..$3 00 

CONTENTS.— 

Rouen Dyes, 106 Receipts. 



Alsace " 


235 " 


German " 


109 " 


Mulhouse U 


72 " 


Parisian " 


66 " 


Gobelins " 


100 " 



In all nearly 700 Receipts. 



Easton. A Practical Treatise on Street or 
Horse -power Railways; 

Their Location, Construction and Management ; with 
general Plans and Rules for their Organization and Ope- 
ration ; together with Examinations as to their Compara- 

11 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

tive Advantages over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries 
as to their Value for Investment ; including Copies of 
Municipal Ordinances relating thereto. By Alexander 
Easton, C. E. Illustrated by twenty-three plates, 8vo., 
cloth '. $2.00 

Examinations of Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, 
etc, 

As to their Purity and Adulterations. By C. H. Peirce, 
M. D. 12mo., cloth $2.50 

Fisher's Photogenic Manipulation, 

16mo., cloth v-._v ^ 62 

Gas and Ventilation; 

A Practical Treatise on G-aS cml Ventilation. By E. E 
Perkins. 12mo., cloth $1.00 

Gilbart, A Practical Treatise on Banking. 

By James William Gilbart, F. R. S. A new enlarged and 
improved edition. Edited by J. Smith Homans, editor 
of " Banker's Magazine." To which is added " Money," 
by H. C. Carey. 8vo $3.50 

Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men; 

Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Me- 
chanics and Civil Engineers. 8vo., plates, cloth. ..$2.25 

flardwieh. A Manual of Photographic Chem- 
istry ; 

Including the practice of the Collodion Process. By J. 
F. Hardwich. (In press.) 

Hay. The Interior Decorator; 

The Laws of Harmonious Coloring adapted to Interior 
Decorations ; with a Practical Treatise on House Paint- 
ing. By D. R. Hay, House Painter and Decorator. Il- 
lustrated by a Diagram of the Primary, Secondary and 
Tertiary Colors. 12mo. (In press.) 
12 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 

Inventor's Guide — Patent Office and Patent 
Laws : 

Or, a Guide to Inventors, and a Book of Reference for 
Judges, Lawyers, Magistrates, and others. By J. Gh 
Moore. 12mo., cloth $1.25 

Jervis. Railway Property, A Treatise 

On the Construction and Management of Railways ; de- 
signed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, 
to the holders of this class of property ; as well as Rail- 
way Managers, Officers and Agents. By John B. Jervis, 
late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Cro- 
ton Aqueduct, etc. One volume, 12nio., cloth $2.00 

CONTENTS. — Preface — Introduction. Construction. — Introduc- 
tory—Land and Land Damages— Location of Line — Method of Business 
— Grading— Bridges and Culverts— Road Crossings— Ballasting Track- 
Cross Sleepers— Chairs and Spikes — Rails — Station Buildings — Loco- 
motives, Coaches and Cars. Operating. — Introductory — Freight— Pas- 
sengers — Engine Drivers — Repairs to Track— Repairs of Machinery- 
Civil Engineer — Superintendent — Supplies of Material — Receipts — Dis- 
bursements — Statistics — Running Trains — Competition — Financial 
Management — General Remarks. 

Johnson. The Coal Trade of British America ; 

With Researches on the Characters and Practical Values 
of American and Foreign Coals. By Walter R. Johnson, 
Civil and Mining Engineer and Chemist. 8vo $2.00 

This volume contains the results of the experiments made for the 
Navy Department, upon which their Coal contracts are now based. 

Johnston, Instructions for the Analysis of 
Soils, Limestones and Manures, 

By J. F. W. Johnston. 12mo 38 

Larkin, The Practical Brass and Iron Found 
er's Guide; 

A Concise Treatise on the Art of Brass Founding, Moul 1- 
ing, etc. By James Larkin. 12mo., cloth ....$1.25 

Leslie's (Miss) Complete Cookery; 

Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches. By Miss 
Leslie. 58th thousand. * Thoroughly revised ; with the 
addition of New Receipts. In one volume, 12mo., half 

bound, or in sheep $1.25 

13 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

■ _ <, 

Leslie's (Miss) Ladies' House Book; 

A Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition. 
12mo., sheep $1.25 

Leslie's (Miss) Two Hundred Receipts in 
French Cookery. 

Cloth, 12ino 25 

Lieber, Assayer's Guide; 

Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners and Smelters, 
for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, 
of the Ores of all the principal Metals, and of Gold and 
Silver Coins and Alloys. By Oscar M. Lieber, late Geolo- 
gist to the State of Mississippi. 12mo. With illustra- 
tions $1.25 

" Among the indispensable works for this purpose, is this little 
guide."— Artizan. 

Lowig, Principles of Organic and Physiologi- 
cal Chemistry. 

By Dr. Carl Lowig, Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy; 
Ordinary Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
Zurich ; Author of " Chemie des Organischen Verbindun 
gen." Translated by Daniel Breed, M. D., of the U. S. 
Patent Office ; late of the Laboratory of Liebig and Lowig. 
8vo., sheep $3.50 

Marble Worker's Manual; 

Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in 
general, their Cutting, Working and Polishing, Veneer- 
ing, etc., etc. 12mo., cloth $1.25 

Miles, A Plain Treatise on Horse-shoeing, 

With Illustrations. By William Miles, Author of " The 
Horse's Foot." $1.00 

14 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 

Main & Brown, The Marine Steam-Engine, 

By Thomas J. Main, F.R. Ast. S. Mathematical Professor 
at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and Thomas 
Brown, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Chief Engineer R. N. attached 
to the Royal Naval College. Authors of "Questions Con- 
nected with the Marine Steam-Engine," and the "Indi- 
cator and Dynamometer." With Numerous Illustrations. 

In one Volume, 8vo $5.00 

CONTENTS.— Introductory Chapter, The Boiler, The Engine, Get- 
ting up Steam, Duties to Machinery when under Steam, Duties to En- 
gine, &c, on arriving in harbor, Miscellaneous, Appendix. 

Main & Brown, Questions on Subjects Con- 
nected with the Marine-Steam Engine, 

And Examination Papers ; with Hints for their Solution. 
By Thomas J. Main, Professor of Mathematics Royal Naval 
College, and Thomas Brown, Chief Engineer R. N. 12mo., 
cloth $1.50 

Main & Brown, The Indicator and Dynamo* 
meter, 

With their Practical Applications to the Steam Engine. 
By Thomas J. Main and Thomas Brown. With Illustra- 
tions. 8vo., cloth §1.50 



Morfit. A Treatise on Chemistry 

Applied to the Manufacture of Soap and Candles ; being 
a Thorough Exposition, in all their Minutiae, of the prin- 
ciples and Practice of the Trade, based upon the most 
recent Discoveries in Science and Art. By Campbell 
Morfit, Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry in 
the University of Maryland. A new and improved edi- 
tion. Illustrated with 260 Engravings on Wood. Com- 
plete in one volume, large 8vo $7.50 

CONTENTS— CHAPTER I. The History of the Art and its Rela- 
tions to Science — II. Chemical Combination — III. Alkalies and Alka- 
line Earths — IV. Alkalimentary — V. Acids — VI. Origin and Composi- 
tion of Fatty Matters — VII. Saponifiable Fats — Vegetable Fats — Ani- 
mal Fats — Waxes — VIII. Action of Heat and Mineral Acids of Fatty 
Matters — IX. Volatile or Essential Oils, and Resins — X The Proxi- 
mate Principles of Fats — Their Composition and Properties— Basic 
Constituents of Fats — XI. Theory of Saponification — XII. Utensils 
Requisite for a Soap Factory — XIII. Preparatory Manipulations in 
the Process of Making Soap — Preparation of the Lyes — XIV. Hard 

15 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

Soaps— XV. Soft Soaps— XVI. Soaps by the Cold Process— XVII. Sili 
cated Soaps— XVIII. Toilet Soaps— XIX. Patent Soaps— XX. Fraud 
and Adulterations in the Manufacture of Soap — XXI. Candles — XXII. 
Illumination— XXIII. Philosophy of Flame— XXIV. Raw Material 
for Candles— Purification and Bleaching of Suet— XXV. Wicks— XX VI. 
Dipped Candles— XXVII. Moulded Candles— XXVIII. Stearin Candles 
— XXIX. Stearic Acid Candles—" Star" or " Adamantine" Candles— 
Saponification by Lime — Saponification by Lime and Sulphurous Acid 
—Saponification by Sulphuric Acid— Saponification by the combined 
action of Heat, Pressure and Steam — XXX. Spermaceti Candles — 
XXXI. Wax Candles— XXXII. Composite Candles— XXXIII. Paraffin 
—XXXIV. Patent Candles— XXXV. Hydrometers and Thermometers. 

Mortimer. Pyrotechnist's Companion; 

Or, a Familiar System of Fire-works. By Gr. W. Morti- 
mer. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 12mo$1.25 

Napier. Manual of Electro-Metallurgy; 

Including tlie Application of the Art to Manufacturing 
Processes. By Jame" Napier. From the second London 
edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by Engrav- 
ings. In one volume, I2mo..., $1.50 

Napier's Electro-Metallurgy is generally regarded as the very best 
Practical Treatise on the Subject in the English Language. 

CON"TEK"TS.— History of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy— Descrip- 
tion of Galvanic Batteries, and their respective Peculiarities— Elec- 
trotype Processes — Miscellaneous Applications of the Process of Coat- 
ing with Copper — Bronzing — Decomposition of Metals upon one 
another — Electro-Plating — Electro-Gilding— Results of Experiments 
on the Deposition of other Metals as Coatings, Theoretical Observa- 
tions. 

floras' s Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers 
and Machinists; 

Comprising the Calculations for Constructing Locomo- 
tives, Manner of setting Valves, etc., etc. By Septimus 
Norris, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. In one volume. 
12mo., with Illustrations $2.00 

M With pleasure do we meet with such a work as Messrs. Norris 
H*d Baird have given us." — Artizan. 

44 In this work he has given us what are called ' the secrets of the 
busineav,' in the rules to construct locomotives, in order that the mil- 
lion should be learned in all things."— Scientific American. 

Nystrom, A Treatise on Screw-Propellers and 
their Steam-Engines ; 

With Practical Rules and Examples by which to Calcu- 
late and Construct the same for any description of Ves- 
sels. By J. W. Nystrom. Illustrated by over thirty 
large Working Drawings. In one volume, octavo. ..$6.00 
16 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAKET BAIRD. 

Overman. The Manufacture of Iron in all its 
Various Branches; 

To which is added an Essay on the Manufacture of Steel. 
By Frederick Overman, Mining Engineer. With one 
hundred and fifty Wood Engravings. Third edition. In 
one volume, octavo, five hundred pages $7.50 

" We have now to announce the appearance of another valuable 
work on the subject, which, in our humble opinion, supplies any defi- 
ciency which late improvements and discoveries may have caused, 
from the lapse of time since the date of ' Mushet' and ' Schrivenor.' 
It is the production of one of our Trans- Atlantic brethren, Mr. Fred- 
erick Overman, Mining Engineer ; and we do not hesitate to set it 
tfown as a work of great importance to all connected with the iron in- 
terests ; one which, while it is sufficiently technological fully to ex- 
plain chemical analysis, and the various phenomena of iron under 
different circumstances, to the satisfaction of the most fastidious, is 
written in that clear and comprehensive style as to be available to the 
capacity of the humblest mind, and consequently will be of much ad- 
vantage to those works where the proprietors may see the desirability 
of placing it in the hands of their operatives." — London Mining 
Journal. 

Painter, Gilder and Varnisher's Companion; 

Containing Rules and Regulations in every thing relating 
to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing and Glass 
Staining ; with numerous useful and valuable Receipts ; 
Tests for the detection of Adulterations in Oils and 
Colors ; and a statement of the Diseases and Accidents to 
which Painters, Gilders and Varnishers are particularly 
liable, with the simplest methods of Prevention and 
Remedy. Eighth edition. To which are added Complete 
Instructions in Graining, Marbling, Sign Writing, and 
Gilding on Glass. 12mo., cloth §1.25 

Paper-Hanger's (Tiie) Companion; 

In which the. Practical Operations of the Trade are sys- 
tematically laid down ; with copious Directions Prepara- 
tory to Papering ; Preventions against the effect of Damp 
in Walls ; the various Cements and Pastes adapted to 
the several purposes of the Trade ; Observations and Di- 
rections for the Panelling and Ornamenting of Rooms, 
etc., etc. By James Arrows-mith. In one volume 
12mo $1.25 

Practical (The) Surveyor's Guide; 

Containing the necessary information to make any per 
son of common capacity a finished Land Survevor, with- 

17 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

out the aid of a Teacher. By Andrew Duncan, Land 
Surveyor and Civil Engineer. 12mo 81.25 

Having had an experience as a Practical Surveyor, etc., of thirty 
years, it is believed that the author of this volume possesses a thorough 
Knowledge of the wants of the profession ; and never having met with 
any work sufficiently concise and instructive in the several details 
necessary for the proper qualification of the Surveyor, it has been hia 
object to supply that want. Among other important matters in the 
book, will be found the following : 

Instructions in levelling and profiling, with a new and speedy plan 
of setting grades on rail and plank roads — the method of inflecting 
curves — the description and design of a new instrument, whereby dis- 
tances are found at once, without any calculation — a new method of 
surveying any tract of land by measuring one line through it — a geo- 
metrical method of correcting surveys taken with the compass, to fit 
them for calculation — a short method of finding the angles from the 
courses, and vice versa — the method of surveying with the compass 
through any mine or iron works, and to correct the deflections of the 
needle by attraction — description of an instrument by the help of 
which any one may measure a map by inspection, without calculation 
— a new and short method of calculation, wherein fewer figures are 
used — the method of correcting the diurnal variation of the needle 
—various methods of plotting and embellishing maps — the most cor- 
rect method of laying off' plots with the pole, etc. — description of a 
new compass contrived by the author, etc., etc. 

Railroad Engineer's Pocket Companion for the 
Field. " 

By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks $1.25 

Regiiault, Elements of Chemistry, 

By M. V. Regnault. Translated from the Frencli by T. 
Forrest Betton, M.D., and edited, with notes, by James 
C. Booth, Melter and Refiner U. S. Mint, and William L. 
Faber, Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by 
nearly 700 wood engravings. Comprising nearly 1,500 
pages. In two volumes, 8vo., cloth $10 00 

Rural Chemistry; 

An Elementary Introduction to the Study of the Science, 
in its relation to Agriculture and the Arts of Life. By 
Edward Solly, Professor of Chemistry in the Horticul- 
tural Society of London. From the third improved Lon- 
don edition. 12mo $1.50 

Shnnk. A Practical Treatise 

On Railway Curves, and Location for Young Engineers. 
By Wm. F. Shrink, Civil Engineer. 15iino $1.0(1 

Strength and Other Properties of Metals; 

Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Pro- 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIKD. 

perties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the 
Machines for Testing Metals, and of the Classification of 
Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Depart- 
ment U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of 
War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. In one vol- 
ume, quarto $10.01 

The best Treatise on Cast-iron extant. 

Tables Showing the Weight 

Of Round, Square and Flat Bar Iron, Steel, etc., by 
Measurement. Cloth 50 

Taylor. Statistics of Coal; 

Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in 
Arts and Manufactures ; with their Geographical, Geo- 
logical and Commercial Distribution, and Amount of Pro- 
duction and Consumption on the American Continent. 
With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Manufacture. By 
R. C. Taylor. Second edition, revised by S. S. Halde- 
man. Illustrated by five Maps and many Wood Engrav- 
ings. 8vo., cloth ,.$6.00 

Templeton. The Practical Examinator on 
Steam and the Steam Engine ; 

With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged 
for the use of Engineers, Students, and others. By Wm. 
Templeton, Engineer. 12mo $1.25 

This work was originally written for the author's private use. He 
was prevailed upon by various Engineers, who had seen the notes, to 
consent to its publication, from their eager expression of belief that 
it would be equally useful to them as it had been to himself. 

Tin and Sheet Iron Worker's Instructor; 

Comprising complete Descriptions of the necessary Pat 
terns and Machinery, and the Processes of Calculating 
Dimensions, Cutting, Joining. Raising, Soldering, etc." 
etc. With numerous Illustrations $2.50 

Treatise (A) on a Box of Instruments, 

And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry 
and Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Survey 
ing, Measuring of Timber, Cask and Malt Gauging, 

19 



PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 



Heights and Distances. By Thomas Kentish. In one 
volume, 12mo $1.25 

A volume of inestimable value to Engineers, Gaugers, Students, and 
others. 

Tiiriibnll. The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph; 

With an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and 
Present Condition. Also, Practical Suggestions in regard 
to Insulation and Protection from the Effects of Light- 
ning. Together with an Appendix containing several 
important Telegraphic Devices and Laws. • By Lawrence 
Turnbull, M. D., Lecturer on Technical Chemistry at the 
Franklin Institute. Second edition. Revised and im- 
proved. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 8vo..$2.50 

Turner's (The) Companion; 

Containing Instruction in Concentric, Elliptic and Eccen- 
tric Turning ; also various Steel Plates of Chucks, Tools 
and Instruments ; and Directions for Using the Eccentric 
Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter and Rest ; with Patterns 
and Instructions for working them. 12mo., cloth.. §1.25 

Weatherley (Henry), Treatise on the Art of 
Boiling Sugar, Crystallizing, Lozenge 
making, Comfits, Gam Goods, 

12mo $2.0C 

Williams, On Heat and Steam; 

Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, 
and Expansion. By Charles Wye Williams. Illustrated. 
8vo 8o.5tf 



SOCIAL SCIENCE. 

THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 



" I challenge the production from among the writers on political 
economy of a more learned, philosophical, and convincing speculator 
on that theme, than my distinguished fellow-citizen, Henry C. Carey. 
Hie works he has published in support of the protective policy, are 
remarkable for profound research, extensive range of inquiry, rare 
logical acumen, and a consummate knowledge of history." — Speech of 
J Ion. Edward Joy Morris, in the House of Representatives of the United 
States, February 2, 1859. 
20 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 



THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 

11 Henry C. Carey, the best known and ablest economist of North 
America. ***** in Europe he is principally known by his 
striking and original attacks, based upon the peculiar advantages of 
American experience, on some of the principal doctrines, especially 
Malthus' ' Theory of Population' and Ricardo's teachings. His views 
have been largely adopted and thoroughly discussed in Europe." — 
M The German Political Lexicon," Edited by Bluntschli and Brater. Leipsic, 
1858. 

" We believe that your labors mark an era in the science of political 
economy. To your researches and lucid arguments are we indebted 
for the explosion of the absurdities of Malthus, Say, and Ricardo, in 
regard to the inability of the earth to meet the demands of a growing 
population. American industry owes you a debt which cannot be re- 
paid, and which it will ever be proud to acknowledge. — From a Letter 
of Hon. George W. Scranto7i, M. C, Hon. William Jessap, and over sixty 
influential citizens of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, to Henry C. Carey, 
April 3, 1859. 

Financial Crises; 

Their Causes and Effects. 8vo., paper 25 

French and American Tariffs, 

Compared in a Series of Letters addressed to Mons. M. 
Chevalier. 8vo., paper 25 

Harmony (The) of Interests; 

Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial. 8vo., 

paper 75 

Cloth $1.50 

M We can safely recommend this remarkable work to all who wish 
to investigate the causes of the progress or decline of industrial com- 
munities." — Blackwood'' s Magazine. 

Letters to the President of the United States. 

8vo., Paper 50 

Miscellaneous Works ; 

Comprising " Harmony of Interests," " Money," " Let- 
ters to the President," "French and American Tariffs," 
and "Financial Crises." One volume, 8vo $3.00 



Money; A Lecture 



Before the New York Geographical and Statistical So- 
ciety. 8vo., paper 25 

21 



PRACTICAL AZSTD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 

Past (Tk), the Present, and the Future, 

8vo $2.50 

12mo ■ $1.50 

11 Full of important facts bearing on topics that are now agitating 
all Europe. * * * These quotations will only whet the appetite 
of the scientific reader to devour the whole work. It is a book full of 
valuable information." — Economist. 

" Decidedly a book to be read by all who take an interest in the pro- 
gress of social science." — Spectator. 

"A Southern man myself, never given to tariff doctrines, I confess to 
have been convinced by his reasoning, and, thank Heaven, have not 
now to learn the difference between dogged obstinacy and consistency. 
1 Ye gods, give us but light !' should be the motto of every inquirer 
after truth, but for far different and better purposes than that which 
prompted the exclamation.'' — The late John S. Skinner. 

" A volume of extensive information, deep thought, high intelli- 
gence, and moreover of material utility." — London Morning Advertiser. 

" Emanatiifg from an active intellect, remarkable for distinct views 
and sincere convictions." — Britannia. 

" ' The Past, Present, and Future,' is a vast summary of progressive 
philosophy, wherein he demonstrates the benefit of political economy 
in the onward progress of mankind, which, ruled and directed by over- 
whelming influences of an exterior nature, advances little by little, 
until these exterior influences are rendered subservient in their turn, 
to increase as much as possible the extent of their wealth and riches." 
— Diciionnaire Universel des Contemporains. Par G. Vapereau. Paris, 
1858. 

Principles of Social Science, 

Three volumes, 8vo., cloth. .$10.00 

CONTENTS— Volume I. Of Science and its Methods— Of Man, 
the Subject of Social Science — Of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind 
—Of the Occupation of the Earth— Of Value— Of Wealth— Of the For- 
mation of Society — Of Appropriation — Of Changes of Matter in Place 
— Of AI hanical and Chemical Changes in the Forms of Matter. Vol- 
ume II. Of Vital Changes in the Form of Matter — Of the Instrument 
of Association. Volume III. Of Production and Consumption — Of 
Accumulation — Of Circulation — Of Distribution — Of Concentration 
and Centralization— Of Competition — Of Population — Of Food and 
Population— Of Colonization — Of the Malthusian Theory— Of Com- 
merce—Of the Societary Organization — Of Social Science. 

" I have no desire here to reproach Mr. Malthus with the extreme 
lightness of his scientific baggage. In his day, biology, animal and 
vegetable chemistry, the relations of the various portions of the hu- 
man organism, etc. etc., had made but little progress, and it is to the 
general ignorance in reference to these questions that we must, as I 
think, look for explanation of the fact that he should, with so much 
confidence, in reference to so very grave a subject, have ventured to 
suggest a formula so arbitrary in its character, and one whose hollow- 
ness becomes now so clearly manifest. Mr. Carey's advantage over 
him, both as to facts and logic, is certainly due in great part to the 
progress that has since been made in all the sciences connected with 
lif*-; but then, how admirably has he profited of them ! How entirely 
la Ae au courant of all these branches of knowledge which, whether 



PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAR1TS BAIKD. 

THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 

. ■»■ — ■ 1 • 

directly or indirectly, bear upon his subject ! With what skill does he 
ask or each and every of them all that it can be made to furnish, 
whether of facts or arguments ! With what elevated views, ana 
what amplitude of means, does he go forward in his work ! Abo VI 
all, how thorough in his scientific caution ! Accumulating inductions, 
and presenting "for consideration facts the most undoubted and proba 
bilities of the highest kind, he yet affirms nothing, contenting himself 
with showing that his opponent had no good reason for affirming the 
nature of the progression, nor the time of duplication, nor the gene- 
ralization which takes the facts of an individual case and deduces 
from them a law for every race, every climate, every civilization, 
every condition, moral or physical, permanent and transient, 
healthy or unhealthy, of the various populations of the many coun- 
tries of the world. Then, having reduced the theory to the level of a 
mere hypothesis, he crushes it to atoms under the weight of facts."— 
M. Be Fontenay in the "Journal des Economistes." Paris, September, 1S62. 

" This book is so abundantly full of notices, facts, comparisons, cal- 
culations, and arguments, that too much would be lost by laying a 
part of it before the eye of the reader. The work is vast and severe 
in its conception and aim, and is far removed from the. common run 
of the books on similar subjects." — 11 Mondo Letter ario, Turin. 

" In political economy, America is represented by one of the 
strongest and most original writers of the age, Henry C. Carey, of 
Philadelphia. * * * * * ****** 

" His theory of Rents is regarded as a complete demonstration that 
the popular views derived from Ricardo are erroneous ; and on the 
subject of Protection, he is generally confessed to be the master- 
thinker of his country." — Westminster Review. 

" Both in America and on the Continent, Mr. Henry Carey has ac- 
quired a great name as a political economist. ***** 
% " His refutation of Malthus and Ricardo we consider most triumph- 
ant." — London Critic. 

"Mr. Carey began his publication of Principles twenty years ago ; 
he is certainly a mature and deliberate writer. More than this, he is 
readable : his pages swarm with illustrative facts and with American 
instances. ************ 

" We are in great charity with books which, like Mr. Carey's, theo- 
rize with excessive boldness, when the author, as does Mr. Carey, 
possesses information and reasoning power." — London Athenccum. 

" Those who would tight against the insatiate greed and unscrupu- 
lous misrepresentations of the Manchester school, which we have fre-' 
quently exposed, without any of their organs having ever dared to 
make reply, will find in this and Mr. Carey's other works an immense 
store of arms and ammunition. ******** 

; ' An author who has, among the political economists of Germany 
and France, numerous readers, is worth attentive perusal in Eng- 
land." — London Statesman. 

" Of all the varied answers to the old cry of human nature, ' Who 
will show us any good V none are more sententious than Mr. Carey's. 
He says to Kings, Presidents, and People, ' Keep the nation at work, 
and the greater the variety of employments the better.' He is seek- 
ing and elucidating the great radical laws of matter as regards man. 
He is at once the apostle and evangelist of temporal righteousness." 
—National Intelligencer. 

" A work which we believe to be the greatest ever written by an 
American, and one which will in future ages be pointed out as the 
most successful effort of its time to form the great scievtia scientiarvm." 

—Philadelphia, Evening Bulletin. 

23 



±*HACTICAIi AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 

The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign; 

Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished. 12mo., 
cloth ....$1.50 

CONTENTS— The Wide Extent of Slavery— Of Slavery in the 
British Colonies — Of Slavery in the United States — Of Emancipation 
in the British Colonies — How Man passes from Poverty and Slavery 
toward Wealth and Freedom— How Wealth tends to Increase — How 
Labor acquires Value and Man becomes Free — How Man passes from 
Wealth and Freedom toward Poverty and Slavery — How Slavery 
grew, and How it is now maintained in the West Indies — How Slavery 
#rew, and is maintained in the United States — How Slavery grows in 
Portugal and Turkey — How Slavery grows in India — How Slavery 
grows in Ireland and Scotland— How Slavery grows in England — 
How can Slavery be extinguished]— How Freedom grows in Northern 
Germany — How Freedom grows in Russia — How Freedom grows in 
Penmark — How Freedom grows in Spain and Belgium — Of the Duty 
of the People of the United States— Of the Duty of the People of Eng- 
land. 

" As a philosophical writer, Mr. Carey is remarkable for the union 
of comprehensive generalizations with a copious induction of facts. 
His research of principles never leads him to the neglect of details , 
nor is his accumulation of instances ever at the expense of universal 
truth. He is, doubtless, intent on the investigation of laws, as the 
appropriate aim of science, but no passion for theory seduces him 
Into the region of pure speculation. His mind is no less historical 
than philosophical, and had he not chosen the severer branch in 
which his studies have borne such excellent fruit, he would have 
attained an eminent rank among the historians from whom the litera* 
ture of our country has received such signal illustration."— New York 
Tribune. 



French Politico-Economic Controversy, 

Between the Supporters of the Doctrines of Carey and 
of those of Ricardo and Malthus. By MM. De Fontenay, 
Dupuit, Baudrillart, and others. Translated from the 
"Journal des Economistes," 1862-63. (In press.) 

Protection of Home Labor and Home Produc- 
tions 

Necessary to the Prosperity of the American Farmer 
By H. C. Baird. Paper i3 

Smith, A Manual of Political Economy, 

By E. Peshine Smith. 12mo., cloth $1.25 

24 



